Urinary Problems: A Guide to Understanding and Managing Your Symptoms
Talking about problems with your urine or bladder function can feel deeply personal and uncomfortable. It's one of those things many people shy away from discussing, even with their doctor.
Yet, issues affecting the urinary tract are remarkably common, impacting people of all ages and backgrounds, significantly affecting daily life and well-being. Please know that you are not alone, and there is expert help available right here in the UK.
My practice is centred around compassionate, inclusive, and expert care for the full spectrum of urological concerns, and urinary symptoms are the vast majority of the general urological practice.
Let's make it very clear: clearing blood from toxins and fluid excess is necessary for survaval and urinating is the way the body spontaneously does that. It sounds just normal then that any disruption to the urinary system may be a serious warning sing.
What drives me is supporting your unique journey, providing clear explanations, accurate diagnoses grounded in the latest science, and tailored treatment plans.
Whether you're bothered by urgency, frequency, leakage, discomfort, a weak stream, or notice something concerning like blood, each symptom deserves careful attention and a personalised approach.
Unsure why bladder issues feel like they're ruling your life?
Millions experience urinary symptoms – it's far more common than you think, and not just part of getting older. Let's quickly explore some key symptoms below, or take the first step to understanding yours fully by booking a confidential assessment with me, potentially within the same week.
This page serves as a guide to help you recognise and understand some of the most frequent urinary symptoms I see. While some issues are covered in detail here, others are complex enough that they require their own dedicated landing pages, to which I will direct you.
My commitment is to make understanding your symptoms as approachable and clear as possible.
Quick Links to Common Symptoms:
I can't hold my Urine: Urge and Stress Urinary Incontinence
In simple terms: If you experience sudden, intense urges to urinate that are difficult to control, leading to leaks, or find yourself leaking unintentionally with coughs, sneezes, or exercise, you are likely dealing with some form of urinary incontinence (accidental wee leaks) or an overactive bladder (OAB). These symptoms can feel incredibly isolating and frustrating, but they are common and, importantly, very treatable. You absolutely do not need to simply "live with it".
Involuntary leakage of urine, medically termed urinary incontinence, is a symptom arising from various possible underlying issues. The key to effective treatment lies in correctly identifying the type of incontinence you have, or if you have Overactive Bladder (OAB) without leakage.
Urge Incontinence and Overactive Bladder (OAB)
Urge incontinence means experiencing a sudden, compelling need to pass urine that is hard or impossible to defer, often resulting in involuntary leakage before you can reach a toilet. This is a core symptom of Overactive Bladder Syndrome (OAB), which is defined by this urgency, usually accompanied by frequent urination during the day and/or night (nocturia - (waking to wee)), with or without the leakage (urge incontinence). OAB symptoms stem from the bladder muscle behaving "overactively". It affects people of all ages and sexes, becoming more common as we get older.
What it feels like:
- A sudden, strong "gotta go right now" sensation.
- Leakage occurring before reaching the toilet after a sudden urge.
- A need to always know where the nearest toilet is.
- Often having to urinate frequently, including getting up one or more times at night (nocturia).
What's happening inside:
The muscle in your bladder wall (the detrusor - (the main muscle in the bladder wall)) contracts involuntarily and prematurely, even when the bladder isn't completely full.
These abnormal contractions are interpreted by your brain as an urgent need to void. If the urge is too strong to consciously suppress, or the contractions are too powerful, urine is expelled unintentionally.
Stress Incontinence
This type of leakage occurs when there is sudden pressure or 'stress' placed on the bladder and urethra, causing urine to leak out.
It is not related to emotional stress, but physical stress or effort.
What it feels like:
- Leaking small to moderate amounts of urine when you cough, sneeze, laugh, lift something heavy, jump, or during physical activity/exercise.
- The leakage happens with the physical action; you usually don't experience a strong urge beforehand.
- Often, there are no issues with urgency or frequency at rest.
What's happening inside:
Stress incontinence is caused by a weakness or damage to the structures that support your urethra (the tube urine passes out through) and bladder – primarily the pelvic floor muscles and the urethral sphincter (the 'tap' muscle that holds urine in). [Ref 2]
When abdominal pressure suddenly increases (as with coughing or lifting), these weakened muscles and tissues cannot counteract the downward force effectively, leading to unintentional leakage.
It is very common in women after childbirth and menopause, and in men after prostate surgery.
Mixed Incontinence
Many individuals experience a combination of both urge and stress incontinence symptoms. This is called mixed incontinence and often means addressing both components through various treatment strategies.
Incontinence and OAB can have a variety of underlying causes, making a proper diagnosis crucial for effective treatment.
Causes of Urge Incontinence / OAB
This often relates to how the bladder muscle or the nerves controlling it are functioning:
- Neurological Conditions: Diseases affecting the brain and spinal cord (like MS, Parkinson's, Stroke, spinal cord injury) can disrupt normal bladder control nerve signals.
- Bladder Issues: Direct irritation (UTIs, stones) or abnormalities (tumours (rare), interstitial cystitis (a chronic, non-infectious bladder pain condition)).
- Prostate Problems (Men): An enlarged prostate (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - BPH - (non-cancerous prostate growth)) often causes voiding difficulties, but the resulting bladder irritation can also lead to secondary OAB symptoms. Prostatitis (prostate inflammation) can also cause similar symptoms.
- Medications & Lifestyle: Certain medications (e.g., diuretics (water pills)), excessive caffeine or alcohol, and incomplete bladder emptying (leaving urine behind) can contribute.
- Age-Related Changes: Age can bring changes in bladder function and nerve signalling.
Causes of Stress Incontinence
This typically results from issues with the physical support system of the urethra:
- Weakened Pelvic Floor Muscles & Support: Most common.
- Childbirth (Women): Can stretch/weaken muscles.
- Menopause (Women): Lower oestrogen can weaken tissues.
- Prostate Surgery (Men): Can affect the sphincter.
- Obesity: Puts strain on the pelvic floor.
- Chronic Cough: Repeated pressure.
- Age: Muscle strength can decline.
Understanding these diverse causes is the foundation for planning your individual pathway to improvement.
When you seek help for difficulties holding your urine, my priority is to understand the precise nature of your symptoms, how they affect your life, and identify the underlying causes. This involves a careful, step-by-step approach.
Initial Assessment - Your Story and Basic Checks
- Detailed Medical History: We will talk thoroughly about your symptoms, triggers, fluid intake, overall health, surgeries, and medications. Your quality of life impact is key.
- Physical Examination: Includes checking your abdomen, pelvic floor (women), or prostate (men) as relevant.
- Urinalysis & Culture: A urine sample test checks for infection or blood.
The Bladder Diary - Objective Insight
I often ask you to complete a bladder diary for 3 to 7 days before your appointment. Recording drinks, voids, urgency, and leaks provides invaluable objective data about your bladder patterns.
Specialized Testing (If Needed)
Further tests might be needed, especially before advanced treatments or surgery:
- Post-Void Residual (PVR) Measurement: Ultrasound scan after voiding to measure leftover urine.
- Urodynamic Studies: Tests measuring bladder pressures during filling and emptying to clarify incontinence type or bladder function.
- Cystoscopy: A camera look inside the bladder, used if stones, inflammation, or other issues are suspected.
My approach uses the fewest necessary tests for an accurate diagnosis, ensuring your comfort and understanding.
Conservative & Behavioural Treatments (First-Line)
Minimal side effects, often very effective.
- Pelvic Floor Muscle Training (PFMT) / Kegels: Strengthening support muscles. Crucial for stress incontinence, helpful for OAB. Specialist physiotherapy guidance recommended.
- Bladder Training: For OAB, retraining the bladder to hold more by scheduled voiding and urge suppression techniques.
- Lifestyle Modifications: Strategic fluid intake (not too much/little, less caffeine/alcohol, less in evening), dietary changes (avoid irritants), weight management, stopping smoking, managing constipation.
Medications
Mainly for OAB when conservative measures aren't enough.
- For Overactive Bladder:
- Anticholinergics: Reduce involuntary bladder contractions (e.g., Solifenacin, Oxybutynin).
- Beta-3 Agonists: Relax bladder muscle during filling (e.g., Mirabegron, Vibegron).
- For Stress Incontinence: Topical vaginal oestrogen (post-menopausal women). Duloxetine sometimes used (women).
Advanced & Procedural Treatments
For more severe or unresponsive symptoms.
- Neuromodulation (for OAB): Nerve stimulation via ankle (PTNS) or implanted device (Sacral Neuromodulation - SNM).
- Botulinum Toxin A (Botox) Injections (for severe OAB): Into bladder muscle via cystoscopy.
- Surgical Options (Primarily for Stress Incontinence):
- Mid-Urethral Slings (Women): Mesh tape support under urethra.
- Autologous Fascial Slings (Women): Using own tissue.
- Artificial Urinary Sphincter (Men): Implanted cuff device.
- Male Slings: For mild-moderate post-prostatectomy leakage.
We discuss all options, benefits, and risks together to decide the best path for you.
Actively incorporating self-help strategies alongside professional care can significantly improve your bladder control and confidence.
Pelvic Floor Exercises - Consistency is Key
Regularly practicing correct Kegel exercises (slow holds and quick flicks) is fundamental. Seek physio guidance if unsure.
Bladder Training Techniques for Urgency & Frequency
Practice scheduled voiding and urge suppression (stop, breathe, squeeze, distract) to regain bladder control.
Smart Fluid Management
Drink enough water (1.5-2 litres usually), but time it well (less in the evening) and reduce known irritants (caffeine, alcohol).
Lifestyle Factors
Maintain healthy weight, manage constipation, quit smoking, and choose appropriate exercise.
These are powerful complementary tools; we can discuss how best to integrate them.
Please get symptoms evaluated if they are new, persistent, worsening, or impacting your daily life.
I Recommend Consulting a Healthcare Provider If:
- Symptoms are bothersome (affecting life, work, sleep).
- Self-help attempts haven't worked sufficiently.
- Symptoms are changing or suddenly worse.
- You have other concerning symptoms (pain, blood, emptying difficulty).
- You have relevant underlying health conditions (diabetes, neurological).
Seeking help is a positive step towards diagnosis and effective treatment.
Struggling with urinary control or bothersome urges? Understanding the type and cause is key.
I Go Too Often or Wake at Night (Frequent Urination, Nocturia, Storage LUTS)
I Go Too Often or Wake at Night (Frequent Urination, Nocturia, Storage LUTS)
In simple terms: if you’re needing to wee much more often than usual during the day, or you regularly wake up at night to pass urine, you’re experiencing frequency and nocturia. These are common Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) linked to how your bladder stores urine.
On their own they’re not an emergency, but they can seriously disturb sleep, concentration, and quality of life – and they’re not something you just have to “put up with”.
What might be going on
- How much and when you drink (including caffeine and alcohol)
- Overactive bladder (OAB)
- Urinary tract infection (UTI)
- In men, prostate enlargement (BPH) affecting bladder function
- Systemic conditions, such as diabetes or heart problems, causing excess urine production at night (nocturnal polyuria)
The key is understanding whether the problem is storage, production, or a mixture of both.
How I investigate and treat LUTS
For LUTS (including frequency, urgency, nocturia and weak flow) I use a structured pathway, described in three dedicated pages:
- Understanding LUTS – Causes & How We Investigate
- Treating LUTS – Lifestyle & Medical Options
- Surgery for BPH & LUTS – When Procedures Are the Best Next Step
On these pages you’ll find more detail about tests like bladder diaries, flow tests and scans, as well as the full range of treatment options.
If frequency or nocturia are affecting your sleep, work or social life, a focused assessment can usually identify the main drivers and build a plan that fits your overall health and priorities.
Explore more about LUTS and BPH:
It Burns When I Pee (Dysuria & Infections)
In simple terms: Pain, stinging, or a burning sensation when you pass urine (dysuria - (medical term for painful or difficult urination)) is a common symptom that typically signals inflammation or irritation somewhere along the urinary tract, most often in the urethra (wee tube) or bladder.
While a urinary tract infection (UTI) is a very frequent cause, particularly in women, it is important to get this symptom properly checked by a doctor to identify the precise cause, as other treatable conditions, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or non-infectious irritation, can present this way.
Dysuria refers specifically to discomfort or pain experienced during urination. It's a symptom that alerts us to inflammation or irritation along the urinary pathway.
What it Feels Like
The sensation can vary – a sharp sting, a dull ache, burning, itching, or soreness. The timing can sometimes hint at the location:
- Pain at the start: Often suggests urethral inflammation.
- Pain throughout: More commonly points to bladder inflammation.
- Pain after voiding: Can occur with prostate inflammation or bladder spasms.
While infection is often the first thought, various factors can cause burning urination.
Infectious Causes (Most Common)
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Bacteria infecting the bladder (cystitis (bladder infection)) or urethra (urethritis (urethral infection)). [Ref 4]
- Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, Herpes etc. causing urethritis.
- Prostatitis (Men): Prostate gland inflammation.
Non-Infectious Causes
- Chemical Irritation: Reactions to soaps, spermicides, etc.
- Mechanical Irritation: From sexual activity, catheterisation, procedures.
- Stones: Kidney or bladder stones passing or lodged near outlet.
- Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS): Chronic non-infectious bladder inflammation.
- Vaginal Issues (Women): Infections (thrush, BV) or post-menopausal dryness/thinning (atrophic vaginitis).
- Certain Medications: Some drugs can irritate the bladder.
Determining the specific cause is essential for effective treatment.
While often straightforward, burning urination with certain other symptoms requires urgent attention:
Seek Prompt (Within 24-48 hours) Medical Attention If Burning Occurs With:
- High Fever (over 38°C / 100.4°F) or Chills: Suggests possible kidney infection (pyelonephritis (infection spread to kidneys)).
- Blood in Your Urine (especially visible): Requires prompt investigation (see Haematuria).
- Severe Pain in Your Side or Lower Back (Flank Pain): Suspicious for kidney infection or stone.
- Unusual Genital Discharge: Strongly suggests an STI.
- Testicular Pain/Swelling (Men).
- Difficulty or Inability to Urinate (see Difficulty Urinating).
- Symptoms Worsening/Unresolved Despite Treatment.
These signs can indicate a more significant problem.
My diagnostic process is systematic to pinpoint the cause of your burning sensation.
Initial Evaluation - History and Physical
- Detailed History: Questions about symptoms, timing, other issues (frequency, blood, discharge), sexual history, product use, medical background.
- Physical Examination: Abdomen, genitals, prostate (men), or pelvis (women) as relevant.
Key Laboratory Tests
- Urinalysis & Culture: Midstream urine sample checked for infection signs. Culture identifies bacteria & guides antibiotic choice.
- STI Testing: Urine or swab tests if STI suspected.
Additional Tests (When Needed)
For negative initial tests, recurrent, or complex symptoms:
- Blood Tests: Check for wider infection/kidney function.
- Cystoscopy: Camera look inside bladder/urethra for inflammation, strictures, stones.
- Imaging (Ultrasound, CT): If stones, tumours, or structural issues suspected.
My focus is accurate diagnosis for effective treatment.
Treatment is targeted directly at the diagnosed cause.
For Bacterial Infections
- Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Antibiotics (course length depends on severity/recurrence). Hydration helps. Symptom relief medication sometimes used initially.
- Bacterial Prostatitis (Men): Longer antibiotic courses, plus pain relief/alpha-blockers.
- Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Specific antibiotics/antivirals. Partner treatment essential (via Sexual Health Services).
For Non-Infectious Causes
- Chemical Irritation: Avoid irritant, use gentle washing.
- Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS): Multi-modal approach (diet, meds, bladder instillations).
- Urethral Stricture: Dilation or surgical repair (urethroplasty (surgical reconstruction)).
- Atrophic Vaginitis (Women): Local vaginal oestrogen therapy.
- Stones: Pain relief, medication, or procedures to remove/break up.
We will discuss the best plan for you, explaining expectations and side effects.
Experiencing pain or burning when you urinate? Early diagnosis means effective treatment.
My Stream is Weak or Slow, I have Hesitancy or Strain (Weak Flow, Voiding LUTS)
In simple terms: if your wee comes out more slowly than it used to, takes effort to get going, stops and starts, or you feel you’re never quite empty, these are voiding symptoms – problems with the emptying phase of urination.
They’re very common, especially in men as they get older, and are often linked to benign prostate enlargement (BPH). But other causes are possible, and that’s why a structured assessment matters.
What might be going on
- Enlarged prostate (BPH) narrowing the urethra (most common in men)
- Urethral stricture (narrowing from scar tissue)
- Weak bladder muscle (detrusor underactivity)
- Pelvic organ prolapse in some women
- Medication effects or neurological conditions affecting bladder and sphincter control
The goal of assessment is to understand whether the problem is mainly obstruction, bladder weakness or a mix of both.
Your LUTS / BPH pathway
Because voiding symptoms and BPH are broad topics, I’ve created three dedicated pages that go into more depth:
- **Understanding LUTS – What’s Causing My Symptoms?**
- **Treating LUTS – Tablets, Lifestyle and Non-Surgical Options**
- **Surgery for BPH & LUTS – UroLift, Rezūm, TURP, Laser and More**
There you’ll find clear explanations of tests like **uroflowmetry** and **bladder scan**, plus the pros and cons of each treatment option – from simple tablets to minimally-invasive procedures and traditional surgery.
If you’re worried about your flow, or taking longer and longer to empty, it’s usually better to investigate early – before symptoms escalate or the bladder becomes overstretched.
Read more about weak stream and BPH:
There's Blood in My Urine (Haematuria)
In simple terms: seeing blood in your urine – or being told there is blood in a urine test – is called haematuria. It is understandably alarming, and it always deserves proper medical evaluation.
The blood might be:
- Visible – urine looks pink, red or brown (visible/macroscopic or frank haematuria), or
- Only seen on testing – picked up on a dipstick or microscope (non-visible/microscopic haematuria).
Many causes are benign and treatable, such as infections or stones. However, because haematuria can occasionally be a sign of something more serious (including kidney or bladder cancer), UK guidelines recommend a **structured, thorough work-up** rather than “wait and see”.
How I investigate haematuria
- Detailed history and physical examination
- Urine tests (including microscopy and culture)
- Imaging of kidneys and urinary tract (such as ultrasound or CT, depending on your risk profile)
- Cystoscopy (a camera to look inside the bladder), especially if you’ve had visible blood, are over a certain age, or have specific risk factors
On my haematuria page I explain, step by step:
- Common causes of blood in urine
- How we decide which tests you need
- What to expect on the day of cystoscopy and imaging
- What happens next, depending on the results
If you have noticed blood in your urine – even once – it is safer to get it checked.
Learn more about how I investigate haematuria:
I Can't Pee Properly (Difficulty Emptying, Straining, Retention)
In simple terms: Difficulty urinating can mean anything from struggling to start the flow, taking an unusually long time, needing to strain heavily, or feeling like you still have urine left after trying to empty.
In its most severe form, it means being completely unable to urinate (urinary retention - (unable to empty the bladder).
These problems arise because something is either blocking the flow or your bladder muscle isn't working effectively.
Depending on the cause, this can be chronic and gradually worsening, or a sudden, painful emergency.
Getting a proper assessment is vital.
Issues with emptying the bladder fall under voiding dysfunction.
At the most severe end is urinary retention, where the bladder fails to empty completely or at all.
Types of Urinary Retention
- Acute Urinary Retention (AUR): A sudden, painful inability to pass urine despite a strong urge. Requires immediate medical attention.
- Chronic Urinary Retention (CUR): Gradual development of incomplete bladder emptying (high Post-Void Residual - PVR - (amount left after wee))). May present with frequency, weak stream, or overflow incontinence.
- Hesitancy & Straining: Difficulty starting or needing to push.
Chronic retention can damage the bladder muscle and potentially kidney function over time. [Ref 6]
The Emptying Process
Efficient urination relies on the bladder muscle (detrusor) contracting while the outlet sphincter relaxes.
Difficulty occurs if:
- There is an Obstruction: Blockage (prostate, stricture).
- The Bladder Muscle is Weak (Detrusor Underactivity (weak bladder muscle))): Poor contraction force.
- There is Poor Coordination: Bladder contracts but sphincter doesn't relax (detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (poor coordination)) - often neurological.
Reasons typically fall into obstructive or non-obstructive categories.
Obstructive Causes
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) / Enlarged Prostate (Men): Most common cause.
- Urethral Stricture: Narrowing from scar tissue.
- Stones or Blood Clots: Can cause sudden blockage.
- Prostate Cancer: Less common cause of obstruction.
- Pelvic Organ Prolapse (Women): Severe prolapse can kink the urethra.
Non-Obstructive Causes
- Neurological Conditions (Neurogenic Bladder (nerve-related bladder issues))): MS, Parkinson's, stroke, diabetes, spinal injury affecting bladder nerves.
- Medications: Certain cold remedies, antidepressants, anticholinergics, opioids can interfere with emptying.
- Weak Bladder Muscle (Detrusor Underactivity): Intrinsic weakness or from chronic overstretching.
- Post-Surgical Effects: Temporary effects from anaesthesia, pain, or local swelling after pelvic/spinal surgery.
"Learning to self-catheterise felt daunting at first, but it gave me back my independence and protected my kidneys." - John, 75, managing chronic retention.
While progressive difficulty warrants evaluation, certain severe symptoms require urgent medical attention.
Seek Emergency Medical Care (Go to A&E / Urgent Care) Immediately If You Experience:
- Complete, Painful Inability to Pass Urine: Acute urinary retention (AUR).
- Severe Pain Accompanying Difficulty or Inability to Urinate.
- High Fever (over 38°C / 100.4°F) and Feeling Unwell with Difficulty Urinating: Could indicate serious infection (sepsis (life-threatening infection reaction)).
- Visible Blood or Blood Clots with Difficulty or Inability to Urinate.
- Significant Difficulty Urinating Following Pelvic Trauma.
Diagnosing the cause requires a mix of history, examination, and tests.
Initial Evaluation
- Detailed History: Questions on symptoms, onset, other issues, medical background, medications.
- Physical Examination: Check for bladder distension, prostate exam (men), check for prolapse (women), neurological check if needed.
Key Objective Tests
- Post-Void Residual (PVR) Measurement: Ultrasound scan to measure leftover urine. High PVR confirms retention.
- Uroflowmetry (Urine Flow Study): Measures flow rate and pattern if you can void. Helps indicate obstruction vs weak muscle.
- Urinalysis: Checks for infection or blood.
Additional Specialised Tests (When Needed)
- Urodynamic Studies (Pressure-Flow Study): Definitive test for obstruction vs weak muscle.
- Cystoscopy: Camera look inside urethra/bladder for strictures, stones, prostate issues.
- Imaging (Ultrasound, CT): Assess kidneys, bladder, prostate; look for stones/masses.
Treatment is specific to the cause, focusing on relieving obstruction or managing/supporting a weak bladder.
For Acute Urinary Retention
- Immediate Catheterization (tube insertion into the bladder)): Urgent relief and protection.
- Address the Trigger: Manage the underlying cause (e.g., start BPH meds, treat infection).
For Obstructive Causes (e.g., BPH, Stricture)
- Medications (for BPH): Alpha-blockers, 5-ARIs.
- Minimally Invasive Procedures (for BPH): UroLift, Rezūm, etc.
- Surgical Options (for BPH): TURP, Laser, Simple Prostatectomy.
- Urethral Stricture: Dilation, urethrotomy, urethroplasty.
- Stones/Clots: Removal.
- Pelvic Organ Prolapse (Women): Pessaries or surgical repair.
For Non-Obstructive Causes (e.g., Weak Bladder Muscle)
- Clean Intermittent Catheterization (CIC (self-catheterisation)): Often the mainstay for managing chronic retention effectively.
- Indwelling Catheter: Long-term catheter if CIC not possible.
- Medications: Limited role; may help sphincter relaxation.
- Neuromodulation (Sacral NM): Can help in select cases.
Your plan is always individualised based on cause, severity, and your preferences.
Having trouble starting, maintaining flow, or emptying your bladder properly? Don't let difficulty urinating cause distress.
Not Sure What's Wrong? Multiple Symptoms? Get a Comprehensive Assessment
It's very common to experience a combination of urinary symptoms that don't neatly fit just one box – perhaps some urgency and frequency with a weaker stream, or occasional burning alongside difficulty starting. These overlapping symptoms can make it confusing to figure out what's going on.
Attempting self-diagnosis based on individual symptoms is often difficult and can lead to overlooking key factors.
My expertise lies in providing a comprehensive assessment when the picture isn't simple.
I take all your symptoms into account, as they often influence each other and point to underlying issues (which might be multiple!).
A thorough evaluation is the most effective way to accurately diagnose what is causing your specific urinary difficulties.
This typically includes:
- Listening carefully to your detailed symptom history and relevant medical background.
- Performing a focused physical examination.
- Carrying out initial tests like urinalysis, and key objective measures like Uroflowmetry (if you can void) and Post-Void Residual (bladder scan after voiding) to see how your bladder functions.
- If needed, recommending further targeted investigations like Urodynamics or Cystoscopy to gain deeper insights into complex situations.
- Putting all the pieces together to provide you with a clear diagnosis explained simply.
- Developing a truly personalised treatment plan addressing all the contributing factors to improve your overall urinary health.
- Developing a truly personalised treatment plan addressing all the contributing factors to improve your overall urinary health.
While most urinary symptoms can be effectively evaluated and managed within the framework of scheduled consultations, it is vital to be aware of specific scenarios that constitute a medical emergency and require immediate attention to ensure your safety and prevent serious harm.
Please seek emergency care promptly (go straight to A&E - Accident & Emergency - or call emergency services) if you experience ANY of the following:
- Complete inability to pass urine despite feeling the urge and fullness in your bladder (Acute Urinary Retention (sudden inability to wee)) - requires immediate catheterization (tube insertion)).
- Severe pain in your lower abdomen or pelvis combined with significant difficulty or inability to urinate.
- High fever (38°C / 100.4°F or higher) with any significant urinary symptoms (like burning, difficulty, pain, or feeling generally very unwell), as this could indicate a serious infection like pyelonephritis (kidney infection), potentially leading to sepsis (a life-threatening reaction to infection).
- Visible blood in your urine along with severe pain, fever, or inability to urinate (potentially from stones or clots causing blockage and infection).
- Significant difficulty urinating or inability to urinate after any trauma or injury to the pelvic region, groin, or lower back.
If you are unsure if your symptoms require urgent care, it is always safer to seek medical advice promptly from NHS 111 (in England, or equivalent in other UK nations), your local out-of-hours GP service, or attend an urgent care centre/A&E department.
Take Control of Your Urinary Health and Well-being
Living with bothersome urinary symptoms can be challenging, affecting not just your physical comfort but your confidence, social life, sleep, and emotional state.
Many people hesitate to seek help due to embarrassment or the mistaken belief that these issues are an unavoidable part of aging or past medical events.
As an award-winning consultant urologist deeply committed to comprehensive and compassionate patient care, I want to reassure you that you don't need to suffer in silence.
My dedication extends to providing world-class care for all aspects of urological health, including sensitive areas like incontinence, voiding difficulties, prostate issues, and sexual health.
I approach each patient journey with empathy, understanding, and a relentless focus on identifying the specific cause of your symptoms using evidence-based practices and state-of-the-art diagnostic tools.
My aim is not just to treat the condition, but to improve your overall wellness and quality of life through personalised and inclusive care.
Understanding your urinary symptoms is a vital first step, and I hope this page provides a helpful overview and guides you to more detailed information where needed.
The next, crucial step is seeking a professional assessment.
Let's work together to get to the bottom of what's going on, provide clear answers, and develop an effective plan to help you regain control and comfort.
You deserve to live life free from constant worry about your bladder.
Definitions & Terminology (Overactive Bladder, Incontinence, LUTS)
International Continence Society (ICS)
Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, et al.
The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society.
Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2002;21(2):167–178.
🔗 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11857671/
D’Ancona C, Haylen B, Oelke M, et al.
The International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for adult male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms and dysfunction.
Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2019;38(2):433–477.
🔗 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30117441/
UK Clinical Guidelines (NICE – pathways, referral thresholds)
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms & Chronic Retention (Men)
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).
Lower urinary tract symptoms in men: management (CG97).
London: NICE; 2010 (last reviewed 2024).
🔗 https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg97
Urinary Incontinence – Female-specific guidance
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).
Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women: management (NG123).
Published April 2019.
🔗 https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng123
(Referenced where female incontinence mechanisms or pathways are discussed)
Haematuria & Cancer Referral Criteria
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).
Suspected cancer: recognition and referral (NG12).
Published 2015; updated October 2023.
🔗 https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng12
European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines
(Current, actively maintained guideline sets)
Male LUTS (including storage symptoms, OAB, retention, BPO)
Gravas S, Cornu JN, Gacci M, et al.
EAU Guidelines on Management of Non-Neurogenic Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS), incl. Benign Prostatic Obstruction.
EAU Guidelines Office; 2024.
🔗 https://uroweb.org/guidelines/non-neurogenic-male-luts
Female LUTS & Incontinence
Burkhard FC, Bosch JLHR, Cruz F, et al.
EAU Guidelines on Non-Neurogenic Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.
EAU Guidelines Office; 2024.
🔗 https://uroweb.org/guidelines/non-neurogenic-female-luts
Evidence on Chronic Urinary Retention (Clinical Outcomes)
Ghalayini IF, Al-Ghazo MA, Pickard RS.
A prospective randomized trial comparing transurethral resection of the prostate and clean intermittent self-catheterization in men with chronic urinary retention.
BJU International. 2005;96(1):93–97.
🔗 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15963128/
(Supports discussion on management strategies and outcomes in chronic retention; renal risk contextualised via NICE CG97)
Patient Information Sources (PIF-TICK aligned)
British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS)
Blood in the urine (haematuria).
🔗https://www.baus.org.uk/patients/conditions/2/blood_in_the_urine_haematuria/
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men.
🔗https://www.baus.org.uk/patients/conditions/10/lower_urinary_tract_symptoms_luts_in_men/
For more detailed information from trusted national organisations, you may find the following links helpful:
These resources provide additional perspectives and support networks. Always discuss specific information with your healthcare provider.
Disclaimer:
The information on this website is for general educational purposes only and does not constitute specific medical advice. It is intended to support, not replace, the relationship that exists between a patient and their healthcare provider.
Diagnosis and treatment require a consultation with a qualified healthcare professional.
Always consult your doctor or urologist for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.