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Varicocele: when to leave it alone, when to worry, and when surgery actually helps
Expert guide to varicocele (dilated scrotal veins): causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options and how it affects fertility — from a London urology specialist.
Varicocele: aka dealing with the famous "bag of worms"
As a Consultant Urological Surgeon specialising in male fertility and andrology, I have helped many men understand and manage varicoceles. Hearing the term 'varicocele' — or feeling something unusual in your scrotum — can be worrying. This guide brings together up-to-date science and my clinical experience to help you understand what it means, what causes it, and what can be done.
The short answer
A varicocele is a group of enlarged veins in the scrotum, like varicose veins, often described as feeling like a “bag of worms”. It affects about 15% of men, many of whom never notice any symptoms, and it is not a cancer.
Not every varicocele needs treatment. The European and American guidelines recommend repair when three things are true together: the varicocele can be felt on examination, you and your partner are having difficulty conceiving, and your semen results are abnormal. Since March 2026, NICE advises considering treatment in the same situation. Repair is not recommended if your semen analysis is normal, or if the varicocele was found only on a scan.
In teenagers, the deciding measure is testicular growth checked over time. For pain on its own the evidence is thinner, and the decision is one we take together after simpler measures have had a fair trial.
Where repair is appropriate, sperm quality often improves within three to six months, but nobody can promise a pregnancy: the best available review rates the evidence on pregnancy as low certainty. The detail and the sources are set out below, under “What the guidelines say about who should be treated” and “Impact of Varicoceles and Treatment on Fertility & Sexual Function”.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fertility problems: assessment and treatment. NICE guideline NG257, recommendation 1.28.1 (varicocele). Published 31 March 2026.
In simple terms, a varicocele is like varicose veins, but located in your scrotum. It forms when the veins draining blood away from your testicles become enlarged and swollen. You may hear it described as feeling like a 'bag of worms'.
Varicoceles are surprisingly common, affecting about 15% of all men. They are more common among men with fertility problems. The European Association of Urology puts the figure at 35–40% of infertile men overall — roughly 35–44% of men with primary infertility (difficulty conceiving for the first time) and 45–81% of men with secondary infertility (difficulty conceiving after previously fathering a child). This strong link to fertility — and the discomfort varicoceles can cause — is why I take this condition seriously at GGOmed.
Left: healthy vein with working valves. Right: varicocele — valves fail, blood pools, veins enlarge.
A varicocele specifically forms in the pampiniform plexus – this is a complex network of small veins within the spermatic cord, the structure that runs from your abdomen down to each testicle. The job of these veins is to carry blood away from the testicle.
When these veins become dilated (widened) and tortuous (twisted), they form a varicocele. Interestingly, about 85-90% of varicoceles occur on the left side. This isn't by chance; it's due to key anatomical differences in how the veins on each side connect back to the main circulation. The left testicular vein joins the left renal (kidney) vein at a right angle, while the right testicular vein drains more directly into the large inferior vena cava. This right-angle connection on the left can lead to higher pressure in the left testicular vein, making it more prone to varicocele formation.
Varicoceles are clinically graded based on their size and how easily they can be detected:
Grade 1 (Small): The varicocele is not easily felt unless you bear down (like you're having a bowel movement), a manoeuvre we call the Valsalva manoeuvre.
Grade 2 (Moderate): The varicocele can be felt easily without the Valsalva manoeuvre, but it's not visible through the scrotal skin.
Grade 3 (Large): The varicocele is clearly visible through the scrotal skin as a swelling or collection of prominent veins.
Understanding the grade is important as it helps guide decisions about management and the potential surgical approach if treatment is needed. For more information on the Varicocele, watch this video:
What Are the Symptoms and Signs of a Varicocele?
It's important to know that many men with varicoceles have no symptoms at all. You might only discover one during a routine check-up or while being investigated for fertility issues. When symptoms do occur, they can include:
A dull, aching, or dragging sensation in your scrotum. This discomfort often feels worse after standing for long periods, at the end of the day, or after physical exertion.
A noticeable swelling or deformity either above or behind your testicle.
What many describe as a "bag of worms" feeling when they touch the affected area of the scrotum.
A difference in size between your testicles, with the testicle on the side of the varicocele sometimes appearing smaller (testicular atrophy).
Less commonly, pain that seems to worsen throughout the day.
Symptoms are usually more noticeable with larger (Grade 3) varicoceles. Even so, smaller varicoceles can affect fertility without causing significant discomfort.
How varicoceles are graded
The grade is not a label for its own sake — it is part of the decision about treatment, so it is worth knowing the scale. Subclinical: not felt on examination, seen only on ultrasound. Grade 1: felt only when you bear down (the Valsalva manoeuvre). Grade 2: felt at rest. Grade 3: visible through the skin as well as felt. On ultrasound, the usual measurements are a vein wider than 3 mm while you are standing and bearing down, with blood flowing backwards for more than 2 seconds.
Grades 1 to 3 are all described as clinical varicoceles, meaning they can be felt. That single distinction — felt or not felt — does most of the work in the treatment guidance below.
While varicoceles themselves are generally not dangerous in the short term, certain symptoms or situations warrant prompt medical attention to rule out other conditions or to address potential complications:
Sudden onset of severe pain in your testicle: This is a red flag and could indicate testicular torsion (a twisted testicle), which is a urological emergency requiring immediate A&E attention. Varicoceles typically cause a dull, gradual ache, not sudden, excruciating pain.
A new, hard lumpwithinthe testicle itself: A varicocele feels like soft, twisted veins around or above the testicle. A hard lump within the testicle needs urgent assessment to rule out testicular cancer. You can learn more about testicular self-exams here.
Fertility concerns: If you and your partner have been trying to conceive for over a year (or sooner if your partner is over 35 or there are known female fertility factors) without success, a varicocele could be a contributing factor.
Progressive testicular shrinkage (testicular atrophy): If you notice one testicle becoming noticeably smaller than the other over time, especially on the side of a varicocele.
Rapidly developing varicocele, especially in older men or on the right side only: While most varicoceles develop gradually during puberty, a new varicocele appearing suddenly in an older man, or one only on the right side, could (rarely) indicate pressure on the veins from something else in the abdomen, like a kidney tumour. This warrants thorough investigation.
It's crucial to remember that scrotal pain or lumps can have many causes, including epididymitis (inflammation of the sperm-collecting tube), orchitis (testicle inflammation), hydrocele (fluid around the testicle), or, rarely, testicular cancer. This is why a proper diagnosis by a specialist, often involving a physical examination and a scrotal ultrasound, is essential to determine the exact cause and the best course of action.
Varicoceles in Adolescents: These require special consideration. While most varicoceles found in teenagers won't cause significant problems, research indicates that about 20% may impair testicular growth and potentially affect future fertility. Therefore, regular monitoring by a urologist, including assessment of testicular size, is often recommended if a varicocele is diagnosed during adolescence.
Why Do Varicoceles Develop? Understanding the Causes
In most cases, varicoceles develop because of faulty valves inside the veins that drain blood away from your testicles. These valves normally act as one-way doors, stopping blood from flowing backwards. When they fail, blood pools in the veins of the spermatic cord. This pooling causes the veins to stretch and enlarge — forming a varicocele.
Varicoceles are most common on the left side. This is because the left testicular vein is longer and joins the left kidney vein at a sharp right angle. That creates higher pressure, making the valves on the left more likely to fail.
The key factors
Why varicoceles develop
Faulty valves
The valves inside the testicular veins stop working properly. Blood flows backwards instead of upwards, pooling in the veins and causing them to swell.
Left-side anatomy
The left testicular vein is longer and joins the kidney vein at a sharp angle. This creates more pressure — which is why around 85–90% of varicoceles occur on the left.
Genetic tendency
Varicoceles can run in families. Inherited weakness in vein walls or valves may increase the likelihood of developing one.
Several theories help explain the complex process of varicocele formation, building upon the basic understanding of valve failure:
Valvular Incompetence Theory: This is the most widely accepted explanation. The one-way valves within the testicular veins (specifically the internal spermatic vein) become dysfunctional. Normally, these valves prevent blood from flowing backward (retrograde flow) when you stand up or strain. If these valves fail, blood flows back down into the pampiniform plexus, causing the veins to dilate and form a varicocele.
Anatomical Differences (The Left-Side Predominance):
The left testicular vein is approximately 8-10 cm longer than the right one. This increased length means a taller column of blood, which exerts greater hydrostatic pressure on the valves below, making them more prone to failure.
The left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein at a perpendicular (90-degree) angle. This sharp angle can create more resistance to blood flow compared to the more oblique (angled) insertion of the right testicular vein directly into the larger inferior vena cava.
The "Nutcracker Phenomenon": In some individuals, the left renal vein (into which the left testicular vein drains) can get compressed between two major arteries in the abdomen – the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and the aorta. This compression can increase pressure in the left renal vein, which then backs up into the left testicular vein, contributing to varicocele formation. This is a less common but recognised cause.
Genetic Factors: There seems to be a genetic predisposition to developing varicoceles, as they sometimes run in families. Research suggests a possible autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, meaning a gene from one parent could increase the likelihood, but with variable penetrance (not everyone with the gene will develop a varicocele). Weakness in vein walls or valve structure could be inherited.
Collateral Veins: The presence of alternative venous drainage pathways (collateral veins) can also influence varicocele development and recurrence after treatment.
It's important to distinguish between primary varicoceles (those developing due to the factors above, usually around puberty) and secondary varicoceles. Secondary varicoceles are much rarer and result from external compression or obstruction of the testicular venous drainage system higher up. For example, a kidney tumour, a mass in the retroperitoneum (the area behind the abdominal lining), or extensive lymph node enlargement could, in rare cases, obstruct venous outflow and cause a varicocele to appear suddenly. This is why a newly discovered varicocele in an older man (e.g., over 40), or one that appears only on the right side, warrants a more thorough investigation to rule out such secondary causes, often including abdominal imaging like an ultrasound or CT scan.
The Impact of Varicoceles on Male Fertility
Varicoceles have a well-established impact on male fertility. Varicoceles are found in roughly 35–44% of men with primary infertility, 45–81% of men with secondary infertility, and about 25% of men with an abnormal semen analysis. That makes varicocele the most common treatable cause of male infertility. It is worth being clear about what this does and does not mean: finding a varicocele does not prove it is the cause of your difficulty conceiving, and plenty of men with one are entirely fertile.
How does a collection of swollen veins affect sperm? A varicocele can harm fertility in several ways:
Increased Testicular Temperature: The pooling of warm blood raises the temperature around the testicle. Sperm production is highly sensitive to heat — even a small rise can impair how sperm develop.
Oxidative Stress: Sluggish blood flow increases harmful molecules called free radicals. These can damage sperm DNA, reduce sperm motility, and affect their ability to fertilise an egg. I offer DNA fragmentation testing as part of my fertility assessment.
Hormonal Imbalance: A varicocele can disrupt the hormonal balance needed for healthy sperm production — affecting the cells that make testosterone and those that nourish developing sperm. Concerns about low testosterone can be explored further.
Reflux of Toxins: On the left side, backward blood flow may carry waste products from the kidney or adrenal gland down to the testicle, creating a less favourable environment for sperm.
In my practice, treating significant varicoceles in men with abnormal semen results often improves sperm count, motility, and morphology. This can increase the chances of natural conception — or improve outcomes with assisted techniques like IVF or ICSI.
Four mechanisms
How a varicocele affects sperm
↑ Temperature
Pooled warm blood raises testicular temperature. Sperm production needs cool conditions — even 1–2°C too warm causes damage.
Oxidative stress
Free radicals damage sperm DNA, reduce motility, and impair fertilisation. Varicoceles are a leading cause of elevated sperm DNA fragmentation.
Hormonal disruption
Testosterone-producing cells (Leydig cells) can be affected, lowering hormone levels and impairing sperm development.
Toxin reflux
On the left side, backward flow may carry adrenal waste products to the testicle, worsening the environment for sperm.
The connection between varicoceles and impaired male fertility is well-documented in scientific literature, involving a cascade of physiological changes:
Hyperthermia (Elevated Testicular Temperature):
Normal sperm production requires a testicular temperature approximately 1-2°C cooler than the core body temperature. The scrotum and pampiniform plexus play crucial roles in this thermoregulation (the pampiniform plexus acts as a countercurrent heat exchanger, cooling arterial blood before it reaches the testis).
Varicoceles disrupt this cooling mechanism by causing venous stasis (slow blood flow) and reflux of warmer abdominal blood into the scrotum. This leads to a measurable increase in intratesticular temperature.
Elevated temperature adversely affects multiple stages of spermatogenesis, leading to decreased sperm production, impaired sperm maturation, and increased production of abnormally shaped sperm.
Oxidative Stress and Sperm DNA Damage:
Venous stasis within the varicocele leads to relative hypoxia (reduced oxygen levels) in the testicular tissue.
This hypoxic environment triggers an overproduction of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) by damaged sperm and white blood cells.
ROS are highly reactive molecules that can damage cellular structures, including sperm membranes (affecting motility and fertilising capacity) and, crucially, sperm DNA. Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) is a measure of this damage.
High levels of SDF are strongly associated with poor fertilisation rates, impaired embryo development, increased miscarriage rates, and reduced success with assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Varicoceles are a leading cause of elevated SDF.
Hormonal Dysfunction:
Varicoceles can impair the function of Leydig cells within the testes, which are responsible for producing testosterone. Studies have shown that men with varicoceles may have lower serum testosterone levels and/or evidence of Leydig cell dysfunction. For concerns about testosterone, you can learn more about Low Testosterone (Hypogonadism).
Testosterone is essential for spermatogenesis (locally within the testis at very high concentrations) and for maintaining male secondary sexual characteristics and libido.
Disruption of Sertoli cell function (the "nurse" cells for developing sperm) can also occur, further impairing sperm quality.
Reflux of Renal and Adrenal Metabolites (Left-Sided Varicoceles):
Because the left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein (which also receives blood from the left adrenal gland), some researchers propose that retrograde flow in a left varicocele could carry potentially toxic metabolites (e.g., catecholamines, cortisol precursors) from the kidney and adrenal gland directly to the left testicle, creating an unfavourable microenvironment for sperm production.
Progressive Nature of Damage:
The detrimental effects of a varicocele on testicular function appear to be progressive and time-dependent. This means that the longer a significant varicocele is present, the greater the potential for cumulative damage to sperm production and testicular health.
This progressive nature helps explain why varicoceles are more prevalent in men with secondary infertility (those who have fathered children previously but now struggle) than in those with primary infertility. Testicular function may have been adequate initially but declined over time due to the varicocele's persistent effects.
Impact on Semen Parameters: The cumulative effect of these mechanisms often manifests as characteristic abnormalities in the semen analysis, commonly referred to as the "stress pattern":
Teratozoospermia: Increased percentage of abnormally shaped sperm.
It's important to note that not all men with varicoceles will experience fertility problems. The variability likely reflects differences in varicocele severity (grade, degree of venous reflux), individual susceptibility, the presence of compensatory mechanisms, and other contributing fertility factors in either partner. However, for a significant proportion of infertile men, the varicocele is a key target for intervention.
Not sure if a varicocele is affecting your fertility?
A single consultation includes a physical examination, ultrasound referral if needed, and a semen analysis review. You leave with a clear picture — not just a prescription.
How is a Varicocele Diagnosed?
Diagnosing a varicocele usually starts with a physical examination in my clinic. I examine your scrotum while you are standing, as varicoceles are more prominent in this position. I may also ask you to bear down or cough — this makes enlarged veins easier to feel.
For a clearer picture — especially for smaller varicoceles, or to measure testicular size — I will usually recommend:
Scrotal Ultrasound (Doppler Ultrasound): A painless scan using sound waves to create images of your testicles and the veins around them. The Doppler element measures blood flow and can show if blood is flowing backwards — which is the hallmark of a varicocele. It also measures testicular size precisely.
Semen Analysis: If fertility is a concern, one or more semen tests will be essential. This checks sperm count, movement, shape, and DNA fragmentation — helping us understand whether the varicocele is affecting your sperm quality. Fertility testing including semen analysis is a core part of my practice.
A comprehensive diagnostic approach to varicocele ensures accuracy and helps guide treatment decisions. Here’s a closer look at the components:
1. Medical History and Symptom Review:
We'll start with a detailed discussion about:
Any symptoms you're experiencing (pain, discomfort, heaviness, lumps).
How long you've noticed these symptoms or the varicocele itself.
Your fertility history (time trying to conceive, previous pregnancies with current or past partners).
Any past scrotal surgeries, injuries, or infections.
Your general medical history.
2. Physical Examination Techniques:
The physical examination is key and is best performed in a warm room (to relax the scrotal muscles) with you standing upright.
Visual Inspection: Larger (Grade 3) varicoceles can often be seen as a swelling or a collection of prominent, twisted veins through the scrotal skin, resembling a "bag of worms." [9, 12]
Palpation: I will gently feel (palpate) the spermatic cord structures on both sides, from the testicle up towards the groin. A varicocele feels like a collection of soft, compressible, and often slightly tender cords or tubes.
Valsalva Manoeuvre: I'll ask you to take a deep breath, hold it, and bear down as if you are straining. This increases intra-abdominal pressure and can make smaller varicoceles (Grade 1) or the reflux in larger ones more apparent to feel.
Testicular Size Assessment: I will assess the size and consistency of both testicles. A difference in size, with the testicle on the varicocele side being smaller, can be an indication for treatment, especially in adolescents. We often use an orchidometer (a string of oval beads of known volumes) for a more objective clinical estimation.
Examination in Supine Position: I will also examine you lying down (supine). A varicocele should typically become less prominent or disappear when you lie down, as gravity no longer causes the veins to fill as much. If a varicocele remains significantly distended when lying down, it might (rarely) suggest an obstructive cause higher up.
3. Scrotal Ultrasound with Doppler:
While a clinical diagnosis is often possible, scrotal ultrasound provides invaluable objective information: [8]
Confirmation of Varicocele: It can definitively identify dilated veins within the pampiniform plexus. Veins greater than 2.5-3mm in diameter are generally considered indicative of a varicocele.
Assessment of Venous Reflux: Colour Doppler imaging during the Valsalva manoeuvre can directly visualise and quantify the backward flow (reflux) of blood in the veins, confirming valvular incompetence. This is a crucial finding.
Grading Support: Ultrasound can help confirm the extent of venous dilation, supporting clinical grading.
Detection of Subclinical Varicoceles: It can identify varicoceles that are too small to be reliably felt on physical examination (though the treatment of purely subclinical varicoceles is controversial and generally not recommended for infertility unless other specific criteria are met).
Accurate Testicular Volume Measurement: Ultrasound provides precise, three-dimensional measurements of each testicle, which is more accurate than clinical estimation and important for tracking testicular growth in adolescents or assessing atrophy.
Differential Diagnosis: Crucially, ultrasound helps to rule out other scrotal pathologies that might cause similar symptoms or be found incidentally, such as epididymal cysts, spermatoceles, hydroceles, or, rarely, testicular tumours.
4. Semen Analysis (If Fertility is a Concern):
As detailed previously, if you are experiencing infertility, one or more semen analyses are fundamental. [14] We look for patterns often associated with varicoceles:
Reduced sperm count (oligozoospermia).
Decreased sperm motility (asthenozoospermia).
Abnormal sperm morphology (teratozoospermia).
In selected cases, especially if routine semen parameters are borderline or if there's a history of failed ART cycles or recurrent miscarriage, I might recommend additional specialised tests:
Sperm DNA Fragmentation (SDF) Testing: Measures damage to the genetic material within sperm. Varicoceles are a known cause of increased SDF, which can negatively impact fertility outcomes even if basic sperm count and motility seem adequate. GGOmed offers Sperm DNA Fragmentation testing. [5, 14]
Oxidative Stress Testing: Measures levels of harmful reactive oxygen species in the semen, often elevated in men with varicoceles.
5. Hormonal Evaluation (Sometimes):
In some cases, particularly if there are signs of testicular atrophy, very poor semen parameters, or symptoms suggestive of low testosterone, blood tests to check hormone levels (like FSH, LH, and Testosterone) may be useful. Hormonal assessments are part of my andrology services. [8]
6. Ruling Out Secondary Varicoceles (Rarely Needed):
If a varicocele appears suddenly, is only on the right side, or develops in an older man (over 40), further imaging of the abdomen (e.g., kidney ultrasound or CT scan) might be considered to rule out any rare underlying cause like a tumour compressing the veins.
This comprehensive diagnostic approach ensures that we not only confirm the presence and significance of a varicocele but also consider the complete picture of your reproductive and scrotal health.
Preparing for Your Varicocele Appointment
A consultation is most useful when the right information is in the room. If you have them, bring:
Any previous scan reports, including a scrotal Doppler ultrasound.
Your semen analysis results — all of them, if you have had repeat tests.
Your fertility history: how long you have been trying to conceive, and any previous pregnancies with a current or past partner.
Whether your partner’s fertility has been assessed, and what it showed.
A note of your symptoms: when they started, and whether they are worse after standing or at the end of the day.
Questions worth asking:
Can the varicocele be felt on examination, or was it seen only on a scan?
What grade is it?
Are my semen results abnormal, and should they be repeated?
What would happen if we simply monitor it?
If treatment is suggested, which method, and what are its recurrence and complication rates?
Is treatment likely to be funded on the NHS where I live?
It's really important to understand that not all varicoceles need treatment. The decision is highly individual and depends on several factors:
Your Symptoms: Are you experiencing pain, discomfort, or a heavy sensation that affects your quality of life?
Fertility Concerns: Are you and your partner trying to conceive, and are there abnormalities in your semen analysis?
Testicular Size: Is there a noticeable difference in size between your testicles, or evidence of impaired testicular growth (especially in adolescents)?
The Grade (Size) of the Varicocele: Larger varicoceles are often more likely to be causing issues.
My role is to discuss these factors with you, explain the benefits and risks of each approach, and help you make an informed choice that fits your circumstances and goals.
What the guidelines say about who should be treated
Three sets of guidelines shape this decision: the UK's own, from NICE, and two international ones — the European Association of Urology, and the joint guideline from the American Urological Association and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Since 2026 they agree closely, which is helpful: it means the position is not a matter of one surgeon's opinion.
Until 2026 the UK sat apart from both. The previous NICE guideline (CG156, 2013) carried a recommendation dating from 2004: men should not be offered surgery for varicoceles as a form of fertility treatment, because it does not improve pregnancy rates. NG257, published on 31 March 2026 as the first full revision since 2013, replaced that. NICE now advises considering radiological or surgical treatment of a varicocele detected on clinical examination in people who are trying to conceive spontaneously and who have reduced semen parameters, taking female fertility factors into account (recommendation 1.28.1). So if you were told a few years ago that varicocele repair was not offered in this country for fertility, that advice was correct then and is no longer current. One caution about the wording: "consider" is what NICE chose, and it is deliberately weaker than "offer". It opens a conversation. It does not create an entitlement, and it does not by itself mean your local NHS service will fund the operation.
Repair is recommended when three things are true together: the varicocele can be felt on examination, you and your partner are having difficulty conceiving, and your semen results are abnormal. The EAU adds a fourth consideration — that the female partner's ovarian reserve is good — because her fertility sets the time available, and an operation that takes months to show its effect has to be weighed against that clock.
Repair is not recommended if your semen analysis is normal, or if the varicocele is subclinical — that is, found only on a scan and not felt on examination. The European and American guidelines are firm about this, and the American guideline calls it a strong recommendation. The NICE recommendation is framed the same way: it applies only where the varicocele is felt on examination and the semen parameters are reduced. Operating on a varicocele detected solely by imaging has not been shown to improve fertility, and it still carries the risks of an operation.
If no sperm at all are found in the ejaculate — azoospermia — the honest position is uncertainty. The AUA and ASRM state that there is no definitive evidence that repairing a varicocele before surgical sperm retrieval improves the result. I will tell you that rather than offer an operation on hope.
Pain sits outside all of this. The guidelines are built around fertility, and the evidence for operating purely for a persistent ache is thinner. That does not make it wrong — it makes it a decision we take together, after other causes of scrotal pain have been considered and simpler measures have been given a fair trial.
The main treatment options are:
Observation and Conservative Management: If your varicocele is small, not causing symptoms, and your fertility is not currently a concern (or semen parameters are normal), simply monitoring the situation may be appropriate. This might involve periodic check-ups.
Microsurgical Varicocelectomy: This is a surgical repair performed using a high-powered operating microscope. It is generally considered the gold standard treatment due to its high success rates and low complication rates. This is the technique I specialise in at GGOmed and most frequently recommend for men who require intervention, particularly for fertility reasons.
Radiological Embolization: This is a minimally invasive procedure performed by an interventional radiologist. It involves blocking the affected veins by inserting tiny coils or a special solution through a catheter, usually inserted via a vein in the groin or neck.
Laparoscopic Repair (Keyhole Surgery): This involves making small incisions in the abdomen and using a camera and surgical instruments to clip the problematic veins higher up. It is less commonly performed now for varicoceles alone, given the excellent outcomes of microsurgery.
Your options at a glance, including monitoring
Monitoring. Suits a small varicocele that causes no symptoms, when fertility is not a concern or semen results are normal. Benefit: no procedure and none of its risks. Downside: a varicocele does not go away on its own. Uncertainty: some worsen over time, which is why periodic check-ups may be advised.
Microsurgical repair. The abnormal veins are tied off through a small groin incision under an operating microscope, usually as a day case. Benefit: the lowest reported recurrence, around 0.4%, with hydrocele also around 0.4%. Downside: it is an operation, with light activity after about a week and full activity after two to four weeks. Uncertainty: its advantage rests mainly on recurrence and complications, not on a large difference in pregnancy rates.
Radiological embolisation. An interventional radiologist blocks the veins with tiny coils or a solution passed through a catheter in a vein. Benefit: a minimally invasive procedure. Downside: recurrence is reported at roughly 3–11%. Uncertainty: the Cochrane review judged the evidence too uncertain to say whether embolisation or surgery is better.
Laparoscopic (keyhole) repair. The veins are clipped higher up through small incisions in the abdomen. Downside: recurrence is reported at roughly 3–6%, and hydrocele considerably more often than after microsurgery. It is less commonly used now for varicoceles alone.
Whichever route is discussed, you should hear its benefits, risks and uncertainties for your own situation before you decide — including the option of waiting.
Varicoceles in teenagers
Varicoceles often first appear in adolescence, and most boys who have one go on to father children with no treatment at all. That is exactly why the European guidance warns about over-treatment here: operating on every teenage varicocele would mean operating on a great many boys who would have been fine either way.
The threshold the guidelines use is testicular growth, measured over time rather than once. If the affected testicle is persistently smaller than the other by more than 2 ml, or by more than 20%, on repeated measurements, surgery is recommended — this is one of the few strong recommendations in the whole varicocele field. An abnormal semen analysis, in a young man old enough to give one, is the other reason to act. Otherwise the right course is measurement and review, not an operation.
Making the right treatment choice involves carefully considering your specific situation and what you hope to achieve. Let's compare the main interventional approaches:
Indications for Treatment – When is Intervention Considered?
Generally, treatment for a varicocele is recommended in the following scenarios:
Symptomatic Varicocele: Persistent scrotal pain or discomfort that is bothersome and hasn't responded to simple measures (like supportive underwear, pain relief). [12]
Male Infertility: When a couple is experiencing infertility, the male partner has a clinically palpable varicocele, AND there are abnormalities in the semen analysis (e.g., low count, poor motility/morphology, high DNA fragmentation). The female partner's fertility should also have been assessed and be normal, or any issues she has should be potentially treatable. See Male Infertility services. [14]
Testicular Atrophy or Growth Impairment: In adolescents, if the varicocele is associated with a significant size difference between the testicles (e.g., the affected testis is >20% smaller or >2ml smaller in volume) or failure of the testicle to grow appropriately over time. Treatment aims to allow for "catch-up" growth and preserve future fertility potential. [12]
Progressive Decline in Semen Parameters: If serial semen analyses show a worsening trend over time in a man with a varicocele.
Patient Choice: Some men with asymptomatic varicoceles and borderline semen parameters, or those planning delayed fatherhood, may opt for treatment after thorough counselling.
Men with Low Testosterone (Hypogonadism) and a Varicocele: Repair may sometimes improve testosterone levels, though this is an evolving indication. Explore information on Low Testosterone. [6]
1. Observation and Conservative Management:
Suitable for: Asymptomatic varicoceles, normal semen parameters, no current fertility concerns, some adolescents with normal testicular growth (with regular monitoring).
Management: For mild discomfort, scrotal support (snug underwear), avoiding prolonged standing if it aggravates symptoms, and occasional simple pain relievers (paracetamol, ibuprofen) might be sufficient. Regular self-examination is advised. If fertility is a future concern, periodic semen analysis might be considered.
2. Microsurgical Subinguinal or Inguinal Varicocelectomy:
Technique: A small incision (2-3 cm) is made in the groin (inguinal) or just below the groin crease (subinguinal). Using an operating microscope (providing 6-25x magnification), the surgeon meticulously identifies and ties off (ligates) all dilated internal spermatic veins and any external communicating veins. Crucially, the testicular artery (or arteries), lymphatic vessels, and the vas deferens are carefully preserved. This is a specialised service at GGOmed. [8, 12]
Advantages: Highest success rates (lowest recurrence rates, typically 1-2%), lowest complication rates (e.g., hydrocele formation <1%, arterial injury extremely rare). Allows precise identification and preservation of vital structures. Considered the gold standard, especially for fertility. [12]
Disadvantages: Requires specialised microsurgical training and equipment. May have a slightly longer operating time than non-microsurgical open approaches.
Patient Selection: Preferred option for most men requiring varicocele repair, particularly those with infertility, significant pain, or adolescents with testicular growth concerns.
3. Radiological Embolization:
Technique: Performed by an interventional radiologist. A catheter is inserted into a vein (usually in the groin or neck) and guided under X-ray imaging (fluoroscopy) to the testicular vein. Tiny metal coils, balloons, or a sclerosing agent (a solution that causes veins to scar and close) are then deployed to block the refluxing veins. [12]
Advantages: Minimally invasive (no surgical incision), often performed under local anaesthesia as an outpatient procedure, potentially quicker recovery for some. Can be a good option if a patient wishes to avoid surgery or if surgery has failed previously.
Disadvantages: Involves radiation exposure (X-rays). Technical failure rate (unable to access or block all necessary veins) can be around 10-15%. Recurrence rates are generally higher than microsurgery (around 5-11%). Potential complications include coil migration, allergic reaction to contrast dye, puncture site issues, and rarely, vein perforation or thrombosis. May not be suitable for all venous anatomies.
4. Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy:
Technique: Performed under general anaesthesia. Several small incisions are made in the abdomen. A laparoscope (a thin tube with a camera) and surgical instruments are inserted. The testicular veins are identified and clipped high up in the abdomen before they enter the spermatic cord.
Advantages: Good visualisation, can treat bilateral (both sides) varicoceles through the same incisions, potentially less post-operative pain for some compared to open non-microsurgical approaches.
Disadvantages: Requires general anaesthesia. Risk of rare but serious intra-abdominal complications (injury to bowel, blood vessels, nerves). Recurrence rates are generally higher than microsurgery. Higher risk of hydrocele formation if lymphatics are not carefully spared. Less commonly used now as a primary approach due to the efficacy of microsurgery.
5. Conventional (Non-Microsurgical) Open Surgery:
Technique: Similar incisions to microsurgery (inguinal or retroperitoneal - higher up) but performed without the operating microscope, using loupes (magnifying glasses) or the naked eye.
Disadvantages: Higher risk of inadvertently damaging the testicular artery or lymphatics (leading to hydrocele rates of 3-30%). Higher recurrence rates (9-29%) because smaller refluxing veins may be missed.
Current Role: Largely superseded by microsurgical techniques where available, due to better outcomes with microscopy.
Comparing Outcomes for Varicocele Repair:
When choosing a treatment, consider:
Success (Recurrence Rate): Microsurgery typically <1-2%; Embolization ~5-11%; Laparoscopic ~2-15%; Conventional open ~9-29%.
Complications (e.g., Hydrocele, Arterial Injury): Lowest with microsurgery due to enhanced visualisation.
Fertility Improvement (Sperm Parameters & Pregnancy Rates): Good evidence supports significant improvement with all successful techniques, but microsurgery often has the most robust data for optimising these outcomes. Spontaneous pregnancy rates after varicocelectomy in infertile couples are often reported in the range of 30-60%.
Pain Relief: Generally good across all effective techniques for men treated for pain.
Recovery Time: Often quickest with embolization, but microsurgery also allows for relatively rapid recovery.
Cost-Effectiveness: While microsurgery may have higher initial costs, its lower recurrence and complication rates often make it more cost-effective in the long run.
As a specialist, I perform detailed pre-treatment counselling, discussing your individual anatomy (from ultrasound), symptoms, fertility goals, and lifestyle to help you choose the most appropriate and effective treatment. For most of my patients requiring intervention, particularly for fertility, microsurgical varicocelectomy offers the best balance of high success and low risk. [8, 12] You can book a consultation via the contact page or by calling my secretary. [4]
Microsurgical Varicocele repair: The Gold Standard Explained
When it comes to treating varicoceles effectively and safely, particularly for fertility enhancement or significant symptoms, microsurgical varicocelectomy stands out as the gold standard. This is the technique I specialise in, and the one I recommend for most patients requiring surgical intervention.
What makes it the gold standard? It involves:
A small, targeted incision (usually 2-3 cm) in the groin area (inguinal or subinguinal approach).
The use of a high-powered operating microscope, providing significantly magnified vision (typically 6x to 25x).
This allows for precise identification and ligation (tying off) of all the abnormal, dilated veins that form the varicocele.
Critically, it also enables the meticulous preservation of essential structures: the testicular artery (or arteries, as sometimes there are more than one) which supplies blood to the testicle, the lymphatic vessels which drain fluid and prevent hydrocele formation, and the vas deferens (the sperm tube).
The published figures behind this are worth setting out plainly. Recurrence of the varicocele is reported at around 0.4% after microsurgical repair, against roughly 3–11% after radiological embolisation, 3–6% after laparoscopic surgery, and 15–29% after the older retroperitoneal high-ligation operation. Hydrocele — a collection of fluid around the testicle — is reported at about 0.4% after microsurgery, and higher after the other approaches, considerably so after laparoscopy. The Cochrane review of this question found that microscopic subinguinal surgery probably reduces recurrence compared with other surgical methods, and probably improves pregnancy rates, though the improvement in pregnancy rates was small. Comparing surgery with radiological embolisation directly, the same review judged the evidence too uncertain to say that either is better. So the case for the microsurgical approach rests mainly on recurrence and complications, not on a large fertility advantage.
As a surgeon who has dedicated a significant part of my practice at GGOmed to mastering and performing microsurgical varicocelectomy, I can attest to it being both a science, grounded in anatomical understanding, and an art, requiring patience and meticulous skill. [5] Here’s a more detailed look at this sophisticated procedure:
Preoperative Preparation – Setting the Stage for Success:
Before considering surgery, a thorough assessment is crucial. This includes:
A detailed discussion of your symptoms, fertility goals, and medical history.
A careful physical examination to grade the varicocele.
Scrotal Doppler ultrasound to confirm the varicocele, assess its size, check for blood reflux, and accurately measure testicular volumes. [8]
Semen analysis (usually two) if fertility is a concern, and potentially sperm DNA fragmentation testing.
Standard preoperative checks to ensure you are fit for anaesthesia.
An in-depth discussion about the procedure itself, realistic expectations, recovery process, potential risks, and benefits. Information leaflets are available from BAUS and on my Resources page.
Patients are usually advised to:
Temporarily stop certain blood-thinning medications (e.g., aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin) a specified number of days before surgery, under medical guidance.
Shower with an antiseptic soap the night before and the morning of the surgery.
Follow fasting instructions if general anaesthesia or sedation is planned.
The Surgical Technique – Precision in Action:
Anaesthesia: Microsurgical varicocelectomy can be performed under various types of anaesthesia, including general anaesthesia, spinal/epidural anaesthesia, or local anaesthesia with intravenous sedation. The choice depends on patient preference, medical fitness, and surgeon's recommendation. Many of my patients opt for local anaesthesia with sedation, allowing for a quicker recovery.
Patient Positioning: You will be positioned comfortably on your back. The surgical area in the groin and scrotum is cleaned with antiseptic solution and draped sterilely.
The Incision and Exposure:
A small transverse incision, typically 2-3 cm long, is made. The most common approaches are:
Subinguinal: The incision is made below the external inguinal ring (the opening where the spermatic cord exits the abdomen). This approach avoids cutting muscle layers, potentially leading to quicker recovery and less post-operative pain.
Inguinal: The incision is made over the inguinal canal, similar to a hernia repair incision. This may be preferred in certain anatomical situations or if there's a concurrent small hernia to address.
The surgeon carefully dissects through the layers to identify and isolate the spermatic cord, which contains the veins, arteries, lymphatics, and vas deferens. The cord is gently looped with a soft Penrose drain to elevate and stabilize it for microsurgical dissection.
Microscope Utilisation – The Key to Precision:
The operating microscope is brought into the field. This provides brilliant illumination and high magnification (typically ranging from 6x to 25x).
This level of magnification is essential for clearly differentiating the various tiny structures within the spermatic cord. The testicular artery can be as small as 0.5-1.5 mm in diameter, and lymphatic vessels are often even smaller and more translucent.
Meticulous Dissection and Ligation of Veins:
The outer layers of the spermatic cord (fascia) are opened.
Under the microscope, each vein within the pampiniform plexus is meticulously identified. All dilated internal spermatic veins (typically 3mm or larger in diameter, or showing reflux) are carefully separated from other structures.
Each identified abnormal vein is then ligated (tied off) with fine, non-absorbable sutures (e.g., silk) or tiny surgical clips, and then divided. This interrupts the backward flow of blood.
The surgeon also looks for and ligates any external spermatic veins (cremasteric veins) or gubernacular veins (veins that accompany the gubernaculum, a ligamentous cord) that may be contributing to the varicocele or could cause recurrence if left untreated. Sometimes, the testicle is gently delivered out of the scrotum into the wound to inspect for these gubernacular veins at its lower pole.
Preservation of Arteries and Lymphatics – Vital for Outcome:
Arterial Preservation: The testicular artery (or sometimes multiple smaller arteries) is identified by its pulsation (often aided by a Doppler probe if needed) and its thicker, muscular wall compared to veins. It is crucial to preserve all arterial inflow to the testicle to prevent testicular damage or atrophy. The microscope is indispensable for this.
Lymphatic Preservation: Lymphatic vessels are delicate, thin-walled, almost transparent channels responsible for draining fluid from the testicle. They are carefully identified and meticulously preserved. Damage to these lymphatics is a primary cause of post-operative hydrocele (fluid collection around the testicle), a common complication with non-microsurgical techniques. Microsurgery reduces this risk to less than 1%.
Vas Deferens Preservation: The vas deferens (sperm tube) is also clearly identified by its firm, cord-like feel and muscular wall, and it is carefully protected from injury.
Closure:
Once all abnormal veins are ligated and vital structures preserved, the spermatic cord is returned to its normal position.
The fascial layers and skin are closed with absorbable sutures, often in a way that leaves a minimal, cosmetically acceptable scar.
A sterile dressing is applied.
Why Microsurgery Excels – The Technical Nuances:
Enhanced Visualisation: The microscope transforms the surgical field, allowing clear differentiation of structures that are difficult or impossible to distinguish reliably with the naked eye or even with surgical loupes (magnifying glasses).
Completeness of Venous Ligation: Because all internal and external spermatic veins contributing to the varicocele can be identified and ligated, the risk of varicocele recurrence is dramatically reduced.
Safety Profile: The ability to definitively identify and preserve the testicular artery/arteries and lymphatic channels translates into a much lower risk of serious complications like testicular atrophy or post-operative hydrocele.
Advanced Adjuncts (Sometimes Used):
Microvascular Doppler Probe: A small, sterile Doppler ultrasound probe can be used intraoperatively to help confirm arterial pulsation if identification is challenging.
Indocyanine Green (ICG) Angiography: In some specialised centres, ICG dye can be injected, which helps to illuminate lymphatic vessels under specific light filters, further aiding their preservation.
The meticulous nature of this procedure means it typically takes a bit longer than non-microsurgical approaches (perhaps 60-90 minutes per side), but the significant improvements in outcomes and reduction in complications make it well worth the investment in time and expertise. In my practice at GGOmed, the commitment to this technique has consistently yielded excellent results for my patients, whether they are seeking relief from pain or improvement in their fertility potential.
What is Recovery Like After Varicocele Repair?
One of the common concerns men have is about the recovery period after varicocele treatment. For microsurgical varicocelectomy, most of my patients experience a relatively quick and smooth recovery with minimal discomfort.
Here is what you can generally expect:
You'll likely be able to go home the same day as your procedure (it's typically a day-case surgery).
Most men can return to desk-based work within a few days (e.g., 2-5 days), depending on comfort.
You can usually resume light activities within about a week.
A return to full physical activity, including sports and heavy lifting, is generally advised after 2-4 weeks, once healing is well underway.
To support recovery and minimise complications, I advise:
Wear supportive underwear (like snug briefs or an athletic supporter) for the first 1-2 weeks to reduce swelling and provide comfort.
Avoid heavy lifting (e.g., anything over 10-15 kg or 20-30 lbs) and strenuous exercise for the recommended period (usually 2-4 weeks).
Take prescribed or over-the-counter pain medication as needed. Most discomfort is usually well-controlled with simple analgesics.
Keep the incision site clean and dry as per the specific instructions you'll receive. For general post-procedure guidance, see the procedure information on my website.
A successful outcome from varicocele surgery depends not only on the procedure itself but also on careful post-operative care. Here's a more detailed breakdown of the recovery process after microsurgical varicocelectomy:
Immediate Post-Operative Period (First 24-48 Hours):
Pain Management: You will likely experience some mild to moderate discomfort or aching in the groin and scrotal area. This is usually well-managed with oral pain medications (e.g., paracetamol, ibuprofen, or a mild opioid if prescribed). Take them regularly for the first few days as advised, rather than waiting for pain to become severe.
Scrotal Support: Wearing supportive underwear (snug-fitting briefs or an athletic jockstrap) continuously is very important during this initial phase. This helps to minimise swelling, reduce tension on the incision, and provide comfort.
Ice Application: Applying ice packs (wrapped in a thin cloth to protect the skin) to the groin/scrotal area intermittently (e.g., 15-20 minutes on, then at least 20-30 minutes off) for the first 24-48 hours can significantly help reduce swelling and bruising.
Rest: Plan to take it easy. While complete bed rest isn't usually necessary, limit your activity. Gentle walking around the house is fine, but avoid prolonged standing or sitting.
Wound Care: Your incision will be covered with a sterile dressing. You'll receive specific instructions on when you can remove it and how to care for the wound (e.g., keeping it dry for the first 24-48 hours).
Diet: You can usually resume your normal diet as tolerated. Drink plenty of fluids.
Early Recovery Phase (Days 3 to 14):
Wound Healing: The small incision should start to heal well. It's normal to have some bruising around the incision and in the scrotum, which may spread and change colour over several days before gradually fading. Mild swelling is also common. The sutures used are often absorbable and will dissolve on their own over a few weeks; if non-absorbable sutures are used, they'll be removed at a follow-up appointment.
Showering: You can typically shower 24-48 hours after surgery, unless advised otherwise. Gently pat the incision area dry with a clean towel; do not rub. Avoid soaking in a bath, hot tub, or swimming pool until the wound is fully healed and your surgeon gives the okay (usually a couple of weeks).
Activity Levels: Gradually increase your activity. You can usually return to light office work or studies within a few days. Continue to avoid heavy lifting (more than 5-10kg), strenuous exercise (like running, gym workouts, cycling), and contact sports.
Driving: You should not drive for at least 24-48 hours after anaesthesia, and then only when you are free from significant pain, no longer taking strong painkillers, and can comfortably perform an emergency stop. This might be a few days to a week for most. Check with your car insurance policy.
Sexual Activity: It's generally advisable to abstain from sexual activity (intercourse and masturbation) for about 1-2 weeks, or until you feel comfortable and scrotal tenderness has subsided. Ejaculation itself isn't harmful after this point, but the physical activity involved might cause discomfort sooner.
Intermediate Recovery (Weeks 2 to 4, and beyond):
Return to Normal Activities: Most patients can gradually return to more strenuous activities, including sports and full gym workouts, around 2-4 weeks post-surgery, depending on individual healing and comfort. Listen to your body – if an activity causes pain, ease off.
Scrotal Appearance and Sensation: Any residual swelling or bruising should continue to resolve. It's normal for the area to feel a bit firm or lumpy under the incision initially due to healing. The varicocele itself (the 'bag of worms' feeling) should no longer be palpable or should be significantly reduced. Complete resolution of all internal venous changes can take a few months. Some altered sensation (numbness or tingling) around the incision is common and usually temporary.
Follow-up Appointment: You will typically have a follow-up appointment with your surgeon or their team around 2-6 weeks after the operation to check on your healing, discuss any concerns, and plan for any further monitoring (e.g., semen analysis if the surgery was for fertility). You can also find FAQ about appointments on the GGOmed FAQs page. [7]
Long-Term Follow-Up and Monitoring (Especially for Fertility):
Symptom Resolution: If the varicocele was causing pain, this often improves significantly within weeks to a few months after surgery.
Fertility Improvements: If the surgery was performed to improve fertility, it takes time for new sperm production cycles to complete. Improvements in semen parameters (sperm count, motility, morphology) are typically first assessed with a semen analysis around 3-4 months post-surgery, with maximum improvements often seen by 6-12 months. [14]
When to Contact Your Doctor Post-Surgery:
While complications are uncommon after microsurgical varicocelectomy, you should contact your surgeon or the clinic if you experience any of the following:
Signs of infection: Increasing redness, warmth, or swelling around the incision; pus or significant discharge from the wound; fever (temperature above 38°C or 100.4°F).
Excessive bleeding from the incision.
Sudden, large, or rapidly expanding scrotal swelling (could indicate a haematoma – blood collection).
Severe pain that is not relieved by your prescribed pain medication.
Difficulty passing urine (rare).
Any other concerns you might have. Please use the contact details on the GGOmed contact page. [4]
By following these aftercare guidelines and listening to your body, you can help ensure a smooth recovery and optimise the results of your varicocele repair.
Impact of Varicoceles and Treatment on Fertility & Sexual Function
For men who undergo varicocele repair — particularly for fertility — the outcomes are often very positive:
Most published series report improvements in sperm count and movement after repair in men whose semen results were abnormal beforehand, and that matches what I see. I would be cautious about any single headline percentage: the studies differ in whom they included and how they measured, and a figure quoted to the nearest ten per cent suggests a precision the evidence does not have. What can be said is that improvement is common, it is not universal, and it usually takes three to six months to appear — that is simply how long one cycle of sperm production takes.
The clearest summary of the pregnancy evidence is the Cochrane review of surgical and radiological varicocele treatment. Pooling 13 randomised trials and 1,193 men, it found that treatment may improve the chance of pregnancy — around 21% of untreated couples conceived, against 22% to 48% of treated couples across the individual trials — but it rated the certainty of that evidence as low. On live births specifically, the evidence was too sparse and too inconsistent for any conclusion at all. That is the honest position: worth doing for the right man, and not something anyone can promise will give you a baby. Your partner's age and fertility weigh at least as heavily as the operation does.
Even if natural conception doesn't occur, improving sperm quality through varicocele repair can sometimes improve the success rates of assisted reproductive techniques (ART) like IUI (intrauterine insemination) or IVF/ICSI, or potentially allow couples to opt for less invasive ART methods. My clinic provides expert advice and treatment plans for male infertility. [14]
Regarding sexual function, varicocele repair typically has a positive or, at worst, neutral effect:
Men who experienced scrotal pain or discomfort related to their varicocele during sexual activity often find this pain is significantly reduced or eliminated after repair.
Relief from chronic scrotal discomfort can lead to improved overall testicular comfort and well-being.
Erectile function is not expected to be harmed by varicocele surgery. On testosterone there is a real but modest signal: a meta-analysis of 712 men found an average rise of about 34 ng/dL after repair, and about 106 ng/dL in the men who were hypogonadal to begin with. That is a genuine effect, but a small one, and it does not make varicocele surgery a treatment for low testosterone in its own right. If low testosterone is your main problem, it deserves its own assessment and its own conversation about the options. You can find more information on sexual health on my Andrology services page. [8]
The scientific rationale for fertility improvement after varicocelectomy is well-established, stemming from the reversal of the harmful mechanisms previously discussed (hyperthermia, oxidative stress, hormonal dysfunction).
Mechanisms of Fertility Improvement Post-Repair:
Restoration of Normal Testicular Temperature: By eliminating the abnormal venous reflux, the scrotal thermoregulatory system can function effectively again, providing the cooler environment necessary for optimal spermatogenesis.
Reduction in Oxidative Stress: Improved blood flow and reduced venous stasis decrease testicular hypoxia and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This leads to a significant reduction in sperm DNA fragmentation and improved sperm membrane integrity. Healthier sperm are more capable of fertilisation and supporting healthy embryo development. GGOmed offers Sperm DNA Fragmentation testing. [5, 14]
Improved Testicular Microcirculation and Endocrine Function: Correcting venous congestion enhances arterial inflow and tissue oxygenation, supporting better Sertoli cell (sperm nurse cells) and Leydig cell (testosterone-producing cells) function. This can lead to:
Quantitative improvements in sperm production (higher counts).
Qualitative improvements (better motility and morphology).
Potential increases in serum testosterone levels in some men, particularly those who had lower levels pre-operatively. While varicocelectomy is not primarily a treatment for low testosterone, this can be a beneficial secondary effect. If you have concerns, read about Low Testosterone (Hypogonadism). [6]
Evidence-Based Outcomes for Fertility:
Numerous studies, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials, support the benefits of varicocelectomy for male infertility:
Semen Parameter Improvements: Significant improvements are commonly seen in semen parameters:
Sperm Concentration: Average increases often range from 9 to 12 million sperm per mL.
Sperm Motility: Average improvements of 10-12% in total motility are typical.
Sperm Morphology: Modest but significant improvements in the percentage of normal forms (around 3-5%) are often observed.
Sperm DNA Fragmentation: A marked decrease in SDF levels is a consistent finding, which is prognostically very important for fertility outcomes.
Natural Pregnancy Rates: For couples where male factor infertility due to varicocele is the primary issue, spontaneous pregnancy rates following varicocelectomy are typically reported between 30% and 60%. A commonly cited odds ratio from meta-analyses suggests that varicocelectomy can more than double the chance of spontaneous pregnancy compared to no treatment. The Number Needed to Treat (NNT) to achieve one additional pregnancy is often estimated to be around 6-7.
Impact on Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Outcomes:
For couples who still require ART after varicocelectomy, the improved sperm quality can enhance success rates with IUI or IVF/ICSI.
Some studies suggest varicocelectomy prior to ICSI can lead to better embryo quality and higher live birth rates.
In some cases, varicocelectomy might allow a couple to downgrade from needing ICSI to being suitable for standard IVF or even IUI, which can be less invasive and less costly. Further information on fertility treatments is available on the Male Infertility page. [14]
Varicocelectomy in Men with Azoospermia (No Sperm in Ejaculate):
In a subset of men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) who also have a clinical varicocele, varicocele repair can lead to the reappearance of sperm in the ejaculate in approximately 10-40% of cases. This could potentially allow for conception with less invasive ART or even naturally, avoiding the need for surgical sperm retrieval (e.g., MicroTESE). GGOmed offers TeSE and MicroTeSE procedures. [15]
Even if sperm do not return to the ejaculate, varicocele repair might improve the chances of finding sperm during a subsequent MicroTESE procedure in NOA patients.
Predictors of Success:
While many men benefit, not all experience the same degree of improvement. Factors that tend to predict a better response to varicocelectomy for infertility include:
Higher grade varicocele (Grade 2 or 3).
Shorter duration of infertility.
Normal or only mildly elevated FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) levels.
Younger female partner age and absence of significant female factor infertility.
More significantly impaired pre-operative semen parameters (strangely, sometimes those with worse parameters show the most dramatic relative improvement).
The scientific evidence strongly supports varicocelectomy as a valuable and effective treatment for appropriately selected men with infertility and a clinical varicocele. The decision to proceed should always be made after a thorough evaluation and discussion with a specialist urologist/andrologist like myself at GGOmed. [5]
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Varicoceles
Research does suggest that varicoceles can, in some men, be associated with lower testosterone levels. The impaired blood flow and increased temperature caused by a varicocele might affect the Leydig cells in the testicles, which are responsible for producing testosterone.
Importantly, several studies have shown that after successful varicocele repair (varicocelectomy), a significant proportion of men experience an increase in their testosterone levels. This is particularly observed in men who had larger varicoceles or lower baseline testosterone levels. While varicocelectomy isn't primarily performed solely to boost testosterone, this can be a welcome additional benefit for some, potentially improving energy levels, libido, and overall well-being, alongside any fertility benefits. For more information, see my guide on Low Testosterone (Hypogonadism). [6]
Unfortunately, varicoceles typically do not heal or resolve on their own once they have formed. The underlying issue is usually faulty valves in the veins, and these don't spontaneously repair themselves. In fact, without intervention, there's evidence to suggest that varicoceles may sometimes worsen over time, potentially leading to a gradual decline in testicular function or sperm parameters in susceptible individuals.
While symptoms like mild discomfort might fluctuate or be managed with supportive measures (like scrotal support underwear), the physical varicocele itself will remain unless treated definitively by surgery or embolization. This is why a proper evaluation by a specialist like myself at GGOmed is important to determine if observation is appropriate or if active treatment is advisable based on your specific circumstances, symptoms, and fertility goals. [5]
While surgical repair (especially microsurgical varicocelectomy) and radiological embolization are the most definitive and effective treatments for addressing the underlying venous problem of a varicocele, it's crucial to remember that not every varicocele requires active intervention. [12]
For men with small, asymptomatic varicoceles and no current fertility issues or evidence of testicular damage, observation and conservative management are often perfectly reasonable approaches. Conservative measures, aimed at managing mild symptoms if they occur, can include:
Wearing supportive underwear or an athletic scrotal support.
Using over-the-counter anti-inflammatory pain relievers (like ibuprofen) for occasional discomfort.
Avoiding activities that you notice specifically aggravate your symptoms (e.g., prolonged standing).
However, these conservative measures primarily address symptoms; they do not "cure" or reduce the varicocele itself. If a varicocele is causing significant pain, is associated with infertility and abnormal semen parameters, or is leading to testicular atrophy (shrinkage), then definitive treatment via surgery (microsurgical varicocelectomy being the gold standard I offer at GGOmed) or embolization is generally recommended to achieve the best outcomes. [8, 12] There are currently no medications or non-invasive therapies that have been proven to effectively treat or reverse the dilated veins of a varicocele.
It takes time to see the full benefits of varicocele repair on fertility, as sperm production (spermatogenesis) is a lengthy process, taking approximately 72-90 days for a new cohort of sperm to mature.
Generally, here’s a typical timeline for improvements:
Around 3-4 months post-surgery: This is often when the first improvements in semen parameters (sperm count, motility, morphology) may become detectable on a repeat semen analysis. [14]
6-9 months post-surgery: More substantial and often maximal improvements in sperm parameters are typically observed by this point.
Up to 12-18 months post-surgery: Some studies suggest that improvements can continue for up to a year or even longer, and natural pregnancies can occur throughout this period.
It's important to have realistic expectations and patience. For couples trying to conceive, we usually recommend continuing to try naturally after the initial recovery period. Follow-up semen analyses are crucial to monitor progress. If natural conception doesn't occur despite improvements, the enhanced sperm quality may still improve the chances of success with assisted reproductive techniques (ART) if needed. You can learn more about my approach to male infertility here. [14]
The main surgical and interventional approaches for varicocele repair differ primarily in how they access and block the problematic veins, and this impacts their success rates and potential complications: [12]
Microsurgical Varicocelectomy (Subinguinal or Inguinal):
Access: Small (2-3 cm) incision in the groin or just below.
Technique: Uses an operating microscope for high magnification. All dilated veins are meticulously tied off while preserving the testicular artery, lymphatics, and vas deferens. This is my preferred method at GGOmed. [8, 12]
Pros: Highest success rates (lowest recurrence, ~1-2%), lowest complication rates (e.g., hydrocele <1%, arterial injury very rare). Gold standard, especially for fertility. [12]
Cons: Requires specialised microsurgical skills and equipment.
Radiological Embolization:
Access: Catheter inserted via a vein in the groin or neck.
Technique: X-ray guidance to place coils or sclerosing solution into the testicular vein(s) to block them. [12]
Pros: No surgical incision, often local anaesthesia, quick recovery.
Cons: Radiation exposure, technical failure (~10-15%), higher recurrence than microsurgery (~5-11%), potential for coil migration or contrast reaction.
Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy (Keyhole Surgery):
Access: Several small abdominal incisions.
The fact that approximately 85-90% of varicoceles occur on the left side is due to distinct anatomical differences in the venous drainage system on the left versus the right: [12]
Point of Drainage: The left testicular (internal spermatic) vein drains into the left renal (kidney) vein at a sharp 90-degree angle. In contrast, the right testicular vein drains directly into the large inferior vena cava (the main vein returning blood to the heart from the lower body) at a more oblique, gentler angle. This right-angle entry on the left can create higher pressure and make it harder for blood to flow out smoothly.
Vein Length: The left testicular vein is typically longer (by about 8-10 cm) than the right. This longer column of blood on the left side creates greater hydrostatic pressure on the valves within the vein, making them more prone to failure.
"Nutcracker" Effect: In some individuals, the left renal vein can be compressed between two major arteries in the abdomen – the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. This "nutcracker phenomenon" can increase pressure in the left renal vein, which then gets transmitted back down the left testicular vein, contributing to varicocele formation.
Valve Competency: There's some evidence that the valves within the left testicular vein may be fewer in number or inherently less competent (weaker) compared to those on the right.
These anatomical factors collectively make the left side significantly more susceptible to the development of varicoceles. While right-sided or bilateral (both sides) varicoceles can occur, they are less common. A varicocele that appears only on the right side, especially if it develops suddenly or in an older man, may sometimes warrant further investigation to rule out any rare underlying abdominal cause that might be compressing the veins.
Varicoceles themselves typically do not directly cause problems with erectile function (getting or maintaining an erection) or the sensation of orgasm or ejaculation. The nerves and blood supply primarily responsible for these functions are generally not affected by the venous changes of a varicocele. You can find information on conditions like erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation separately on my website, as these often have different underlying causes. [6]
However, a varicocele can indirectly impact sexual experience or libido in a few ways:
Pain or Discomfort: If a varicocele causes significant aching or a dragging sensation, this discomfort might be exacerbated during sexual arousal or activity, potentially reducing enjoyment or leading to avoidance.
Psychological Impact: Awareness of a varicocele, especially if it's large or associated with fertility concerns or body image issues, can sometimes lead to anxiety or reduced sexual confidence, which could indirectly affect performance.
Testosterone Levels: As discussed, some men with varicoceles may have lower testosterone levels. [6] While not always the case, significantly low testosterone can contribute to reduced libido (sex drive). If varicocele repair leads to an improvement in testosterone, this could positively influence libido.
After successful varicocele repair:
Men who experienced pain during sex often report significant relief, which can enhance sexual enjoyment.
Alleviating concerns about fertility or scrotal health can improve psychological well-being and sexual confidence.
If you are experiencing specific issues like erectile dysfunction alongside a varicocele, it's important to discuss this during a consultation, as they might be separate issues that both require assessment. Overall, varicocele treatment is aimed at resolving pain and/or improving fertility and testicular health, and it is unlikely to negatively impact sexual function – often, the effects are neutral or subtly positive due to symptom relief and improved well-being.
Myths vs. Facts About Varicoceles
MYTH. Varicoceles are actually quite common. They affect approximately 15% of the general adult male population. The prevalence is even higher among men facing fertility issues – around 35-40% of men with primary infertility (never fathered a child) and up to 80% of men with secondary infertility (difficulty conceiving after previously fathering children) are found to have a varicocele. [12] In fact, varicoceles are considered the most common identifiable and surgically correctable cause of male infertility. [5, 14]
MYTH. A varicocele is absolutely not cancerous, nor is it a tumour. It is a benign (non-cancerous) condition involving the dilatation (enlargement) and tortuosity (twisting) of the veins within the pampiniform plexus in the scrotum. It's essentially varicose veins of the testicle, similar in nature to varicose veins that can occur in the legs. [12] While the "bag of worms" feel might be alarming, it represents a vascular issue, not a malignancy. If you have concerns about testicular lumps, a testicular self-exam is important and any concerns should be discussed with a specialist. [9]
MYTH. Many men with varicoceles experience no symptoms whatsoever, particularly if the varicocele is small. [12] It's quite common for varicoceles to be discovered incidentally during a routine physical examination, a self-exam, or during investigations for infertility, without the man having noticed any prior discomfort. When symptoms do occur, they most commonly manifest as a dull ache, a dragging sensation, or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, rather than sharp, acute pain. [12]
MYTH. Not all varicoceles need to be treated. The decision to intervene is based on a combination of factors, including:
Signs of testicular atrophy (shrinkage) or impaired testicular growth, particularly in adolescents. [12]
Patient preference after a thorough discussion of risks and benefits during a consultation.
Asymptomatic varicoceles in men with normal semen analyses and no current fertility concerns can often be safely monitored without active treatment. The approach is always individualised.
MYTH (with nuance). While varicocele repair is a highly effective treatment for improving semen parameters (often seen in about 60-70% of men) and can significantly increase the chances of natural pregnancy (rates of 30-60% are often reported), it is not a guaranteed cure for all fertility problems. [14] Male fertility is complex and can be influenced by multiple factors. Female partner fertility status and age also play a very significant role in overall conception rates.
Varicocele repair addresses a key correctable factor, but it's important to have realistic expectations. Sometimes, even with improved sperm parameters, assisted reproductive techniques (like IUI or IVF/ICSI) may still be necessary, although varicocele repair might improve the success rates of these procedures or allow for less invasive ART options. A comprehensive fertility evaluation for both partners is always essential, which I offer through my Male Infertility services. [14]
My Approach to Varicocele Care: Your Health, Your Decisions
As a Consultant Urological Surgeon with a specialist focus on male reproductive health and andrology at GGOmed, my approach to varicocele care is built around expert, evidence-based treatment tailored to your individual needs.
My goal is to empower you with clear information so we can make shared decisions about your health journey.
This involves several key principles:
Thorough and Accurate Assessment: It starts with listening carefully to your symptoms, concerns, and what you hope to achieve. This is followed by a comprehensive physical examination and appropriate diagnostic tests like scrotal Doppler ultrasound and semen analysis (if fertility is relevant). A precise diagnosis is the foundation of effective treatment.
Individualised Treatment Planning: I firmly believe that there's no "one-size-fits-all" approach to varicoceles. Whether treatment involves observation, conservative measures, or intervention like microsurgical varicocelectomy, the plan will be customised based on your specific varicocele grade, symptoms, fertility status and goals, testicular health, and personal preferences.
Commitment to Technical Excellence: For patients who require surgical intervention, particularly for fertility enhancement or significant pain, I specialise in and advocate for microsurgical varicocelectomy. Performed under high magnification, this technique allows the abnormal veins to be tied off while the testicular artery, the lymphatic vessels and the vas deferens are identified and preserved — which is what the low recurrence and hydrocele figures reflect. It is not the right operation for every man, and where it is not, I will say so and set out the alternatives.
Holistic and Comprehensive Care: I view varicocele management within the broader context of your overall reproductive and sexual health. We'll discuss not just the varicocele itself, but also any related concerns like testosterone levels, sexual function, or general well-being.
Clear Communication and Shared Decision-Making: My aim is to explain complex medical information in an understandable way, discussing all available options, their pros and cons, and what the scientific evidence shows. This enables you to be an active participant in your care and make choices you feel confident about. You can find patient guides and leaflets on my resources page.
Long-Term Support and Follow-Up: My commitment to your care extends beyond any single procedure. I provide ongoing follow-up to monitor your progress, manage any concerns, and ensure the lasting success of your treatment.
Throughout my years as a consultant urologist specialising in andrology and male fertility at GGOmed, I've developed a patient care philosophy rooted in empathy, education, and empowerment. [5, 11] Dealing with conditions like varicoceles often touches upon very personal aspects of a man's life – his physical comfort, his aspirations for fatherhood, his sense of well-being, and sometimes his identity. Recognising this sensitivity is paramount.
The Importance of Listening and Understanding:
I believe that the journey to effective care begins with truly listening. Many men arrive in my clinic having carried their concerns, and sometimes discomfort, for a long time, perhaps feeling unsure or embarrassed to discuss them. Creating an unhurried, confidential, and non-judgemental environment where you feel comfortable sharing your full story – your symptoms, your fears, your hopes – is my first priority. It's only by understanding your unique experience and perspective that I can begin to offer advice and treatment that is genuinely right for you.
Empowering You Through Knowledge:
I am a firm believer in patient education. My goal is not just to tell you what I think, but to help you understand why. This means explaining the anatomy and physiology related to your varicocele, how it might be impacting your body (whether it's pain mechanisms or sperm production), what the latest scientific evidence says about treatment options, and what the realistic outcomes are. When you understand your condition and the rationale behind treatment recommendations, you are better equipped to make informed decisions and feel more in control of your health journey. I always encourage questions and make time to answer them thoroughly. My website offers a Patient's Guide to Common Urological Problems and other useful leaflets. [4]
Precision and Prudence in Intervention:
My surgical philosophy is one of precision and thoughtful consideration. When surgery is indicated, particularly microsurgical varicocelectomy, I am committed to employing the most meticulous techniques to achieve the best possible outcomes while minimising risks. [8, 12] This dedication to technical excellence is driven by the profound impact such procedures can have on a man's quality of life and fertility potential.
However, an equally important aspect of good surgical practice is knowing when not to operate. Many varicoceles do not require intervention. I will always provide an honest assessment and will not recommend surgery unless there is a clear indication and a strong likelihood of benefit that outweighs any potential risks. Avoiding unnecessary procedures is a core tenet of ethical and patient-centred care.
A Collaborative and Continuous Journey:
I view the relationship with my patients as a partnership. We work together to arrive at a treatment plan. And my involvement doesn't end if surgery is performed. Comprehensive follow-up, monitoring of outcomes (like semen parameter improvements or pain relief), and being available to address any concerns during the recovery period and beyond are integral parts of the care I provide. You can find more about follow-up appointments via the FAQs page. [7]
A Holistic View of Your Health:
Finally, I always consider a varicocele and its management within the context of your overall health and well-being. Discussions might include lifestyle factors, general health optimisation, and addressing any related psychological or emotional aspects. My aim is to support not just the resolution of a specific urological issue, but your broader health and quality of life. For further information on the breadth of services, see the General Urology and Andrologypages. [5]
It is a privilege to be entrusted with this aspect of your health, and I am dedicated to providing care that is not only technically superb but also compassionate, respectful, and focused on your individual needs. [5]
Every varicocele is different. So is every treatment plan.
Whether you need monitoring, surgery, or simply reassurance — I will give you an honest assessment and a plan that fits your situation and your goals.
What to Do Next
Varicoceles are generally not dangerous in the short term, so for most men this is a matter for a planned appointment rather than an emergency. The exceptions come first.
Go to A&E straight away if you have sudden, severe pain in a testicle. This can be testicular torsion, which is a urological emergency.
Seek an urgent assessment for a new, hard lump within the testicle itself.
See a doctor for investigation if a varicocele appears suddenly in an older man, or on the right side only. Rarely, this can mean something else in the abdomen is pressing on the veins, and it warrants thorough investigation.
See your GP if you have noticed a soft swelling above the testicle or a dull ache, and would like it examined. A private consultation is an alternative to that route, not a step you must take first.
Ask for a fertility assessment for both of you if you and your partner have been trying to conceive for more than a year, or sooner if your partner is over 35 or there are known female fertility factors.
Book a specialist consultation if you would like an opinion on your own situation — the details are below.
If you have symptoms that suggest a varicocele, have already been diagnosed, or are concerned about pain, testicular health, or fertility, I encourage you to book a consultation at GGOmed. Together, we can confirm the diagnosis, discuss your situation, and explore the most appropriate options for you.
During your confidential consultation, we will:
Take a comprehensive history of your symptoms and concerns.
Discuss all your treatment options, explaining the benefits and risks of each.
Answer all your questions thoroughly to ensure you can make a fully informed decision about your care.
GGOmed offers a welcoming, discreet environment for men seeking expert urological and andrological care. My team and I are committed to a supportive and inclusive experience.
To book your appointment at my clinics or to enquire about virtual consultations:
A varicocele is an enlargement of the veins that drain blood from the testicle (the pampiniform plexus).
It is similar to varicose veins in the legs and is most commonly found on the left side of the scrotum.
No.
Many men with a varicocele have no symptoms at all and only discover it during a fertility check or examination.
When symptoms occur, they usually include:
A dull, aching scrotal pain
A feeling of heaviness
Discomfort that worsens after standing or physical activity
In most cases, no.
A varicocele is usually benign. However, in some men it can be associated with:
Reduced sperm quality
Testicular shrinkage (atrophy)
Persistent scrotal discomfort
That’s why assessment is important, even if symptoms are mild.
The decision about varicocele surgery depends on your symptoms, fertility concerns, and personal circumstances—not specifically on whether you're an athlete. However, if symptoms are significantly interfering with training, or if you're concerned about fertility while continuing high-intensity exercise, treatment may be particularly beneficial. The recovery period (4-6 weeks) is relatively short, and most athletes report improved comfort and ability to train after successful repair. This is a decision best made with specialist advice tailored to your situation.
Because that is exactly what it feels like under the fingers, and it is the phrase most men arrive having read.
A varicocele is a collection of enlarged veins in the scrotum — the same process as varicose veins in the leg, in a different place. When they are large enough, the bundle of soft, distended veins above and around the testicle has a knotted, wormy texture that is quite unlike the smooth testicle itself. It is usually easier to feel standing up, and it often becomes less obvious when you lie down.
It is a good description, not a medical grade. Feeling one does not tell you whether it needs treating — that depends on symptoms, on fertility, and on what examination and, where needed, a scan actually show.
Yes — the two terms describe the same condition. In men, "varicocele" on its own means a testicular varicocele: enlarged veins in the scrotum that drain blood from the testicle. Some doctors add "testicular" or "scrotal" for clarity, but nothing about the condition changes. A varicocele sits in the scrotum alongside the testicle, not inside it. If you can feel a lump in your scrotum, ask your GP to examine it — a varicocele is only one of several possible causes.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fertility problems: assessment and treatment. NICE clinical guideline CG156 (2013), superseded by NG257 on 31 March 2026 — the previous UK position advising against varicocele surgery as fertility treatment.
Source:NICE.ORG.UK
Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine; Society for Male Reproduction and Urology. Report on varicocele and infertility: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2014;102(6):1556-1560.
Source:DOI.ORG
Cho CL, Agarwal A, Majzoub A, Esteves SC. Clinical utility of sperm DNA fragmentation testing: concise practice recommendations. Transl Androl Urol. 2017;6(Suppl 4):S366-S373
Source:DOI.ORG
Alsaikhan B, et al. Epidemiology of varicocele. Asian J Androl. 2016;18(2):179-181
Source:PUBMED.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV
Baazeem A, et al. Varicocele and male factor infertility treatment: a new meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2011;60(4):796-808
Source:PUBMED.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV
Cayan S, et al. Treatment of palpable varicocele in infertile men: a meta-analysis. J Androl. 2009;30(1):33-40
Source:PUBMED.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV
Ding H, et al. Open non-microsurgical, laparoscopic or open microsurgical varicocelectomy for male infertility: a meta-analysis. BJU Int. 2012;110(10):1536-1542
Source:PUBMED.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV
Esteves SC, et al. Outcome of assisted reproductive technology in men with treated and untreated varicocele. Asian J Androl. 2016;18(2):202-209
Source:PUBMED.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV
Ficarra V, et al. Varicocele repair for infertility: what is the evidence? Curr Opin Urol. 2012;22(6):489-494
Source:PUBMED.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV
Jungwirth A, et al. EAU Guidelines on Male Infertility. European Association of Urology. 2024
Source:UROWEB.ORG
Persad E, O'Loughlin CA, Kaur S, Wagner G, Matyas N, Hassler-Di Fratta MR, Nussbaumer-Streit B. Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;4(4):CD000479
Source:PMC.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV
Marmar JL. The evolution of varicocele treatment and its effect on male fertility. Asian J Androl. 2016;18(2):175-178
Source:PUBMED.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV
Shiraishi K, et al. Pathophysiology of varicocele in male infertility in the era of ART. Int J Urol. 2012;19(6):538-550
Source:PUBMED.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV
Wang J, et al. Inguinal and subinguinal micro-varicocelectomy, the optimal surgical approach: a meta-analysis. Asian J Androl. 2015;17(1):74-80
Source:DOI.ORG
Will MA, et al. The great debate: varicocele treatment and impact on fertility. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(3):841-852
Source:PUBMED.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV
Zini A, Dohle G. Are varicoceles associated with increased deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation? Fertil Steril. 2011;96(6):1283-1287
Source:DOI.ORG
Further Readings
British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) — Patient information on varicocele
Source:BAUS.ORG.UK
Fertility Action — Support for those affected by fertility problems
Source:FERTILITYACTION.ORG
Men's Health Forum
Source:MENSHEALTHFORUM.ORG.UK
NHS: Lumps and swellings (includes varicocele)
Source:NHS.UK
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA)
Source:HFEA.GOV.UK
Technique: Veins are clipped high in the abdomen using a camera and instruments.
Pros: Good for bilateral varicoceles (both sides).
Cons: Requires general anaesthesia, risk of internal abdominal complications (rare), higher recurrence and hydrocele rates than microsurgery. Less commonly used now as a primary approach.
Conventional (Non-Microsurgical) Open Surgery:
Access: Similar incisions to microsurgery but without the microscope (using naked eye or basic loupes).
Technique: Veins ligated without high magnification.
Pros: Technically simpler if microsurgical expertise isn't available.
Cons: Significantly higher recurrence rates (up to 30%) and higher risk of hydrocele (up to 30%) and arterial injury due to difficulty distinguishing fine structures. Largely superseded by microsurgery where possible.
As a specialist, I strongly favour the microsurgical approach due to its superior precision, safety, and efficacy, particularly when preserving or improving fertility is a key goal. [5, 11]
